exclusionary rule

Examples of exclusionary rule in the following topics:

• The Exclusionary Rule

  • The exclusionary rule holds that evidence collected in violation of the defendant's rights is sometimes inadmissible.
  • Supreme Court announced a strong version of the exclusionary rule in the case of Weeks v.
  • The exclusionary rule furthermore applies to violations of the Sixth Amendment, which guarantees the right to counsel.
  • The exclusionary rule is not applicable to aliens residing outside of U.S. borders.
  • The exclusionary rule as it has developed in the U.S. has been long criticized, even by respected jurists and commentators.

• Regulation and Antitrust Policy

  • Typically, this behavior involves a firm using unreasonable, unlawful, and exclusionary practices that are intended to secure, for that firm, control of a market.

• The Act of Creating a Rule: Principled Decisions

  • Variation two, $R \rightarrow X+Y$ , refers to a "wholesale" decision, the act of making a rule.
  • Instead, the specific action is deduced from, or at least limited by, the rule.
  • Under circumstances C rule R implies or requires us to take action A.
  • His decision is not deduced from the rule, but is chosen on one ground or another from among the set of actions compatible with the rule.
  • One further characteristic of arriving a specified actions via rules rather than from direct evaluation of their expected consequences is that the roles of rule-maker and rule-applier can be separated.

• Winning an Election: Majority, Plurality, and Proportional Representation

  • A voting system contains rules for valid voting, and how votes are counted and aggregated to yield a final result.
  • Majority rule is a decision rule that selects the option which has a majority, that is, more than half the votes.
  • Some scholars have recommended against the use of majority rule, at least under certain circumstances, due to an ostensible trade-off between the benefits of majority rule and other values important to a democratic society.
  • Being a binary decision rule, majority rule has little use in public elections, with many referendums being an exception.
  • Compare and contrast the voting systems of majority rule, proportional representation and plurality voting

• Popular Consent, Majority Rule, and Popular Sovereignty

  • Majority rule is a decision rule that selects the option which has more than half the votes.
  • Some scholars have recommended against the use of majority rule, at least under certain circumstances, due to an ostensible trade-off between the benefits of majority rule and other values important to a democratic society.
  • Recently some voting theorists have argued that majority rule is the rule that best protects minorities.
  • The central tenet is that legitimacy of rule or of law is based on the consent of the governed.
  • The "sovereign" is the rule of law, ideally decided on by direct democracy in an assembly.

• The Goals of Economic Policy

  • However, following the stagflation of the 1970s, policymakers began to be attracted to policy rules.
  • A rule-based policy can be more credible, because it is more transparent and easier to anticipate.
  • Examples of rule-based policies are fixed exchange rates, interest rate rules, the stability and growth pact and the Golden Rule.
  • Some policy rules can be imposed by external bodies, for instance, the Exchange Rate Mechanism for currency.
  • A compromise between strict discretionary and strict rule-based policy is to grant discretionary power to an independent body.

• Forms of Government

  • Governments with Aristarchy attributes are traditionally ruled by the "best" people.
  • Aristocracy refers to the rule by elite citizens; a system of governance in which a person who rules in an aristocracy is an aristocrat.
  • It has come to mean rule by "the aristocracy" who are people of noble birth.
  • In modern times, an Autocrat's rule is not stopped by any rules of law, constitutions, or other social and political institutions.
  • Governments with oligarchic attributes are ruled by a small group of powerful and/or influential people.

• The Rule of Law

  • The classical formulation of this said that we should have "the rule of law. " A more specific way of putting it is: Laws, si; pseudo-laws, no!

• Litigating for Equality After World War II

  • Post-WWI civil rights were expanded through court rulings such as Brown v.
  • Rather than focusing on whether or not segregated schools were equal, the Supreme Court ruling focused on the question of whether a doctrine of separate could ever be said to be equal.
  • The judges' ruling hinged on an interpretation that took separate as unconstitutional particularly because "Segregation of white and colored children in public schools has a detrimental effect upon the colored children.
  • Many white people in southern states protested integration, and legislators thought up creative ways to get around the ruling.

• Non-Democratic Governments: Monarchy, Oligarchy, Technocracy, and Theocracy

  • This is a form of government in which a state or polity is ruled or controlled by an individual who typically inherits the throne by birth and rules for life or until abdication.
  • Aristocracy is a form of government in which a few elite citizens rule.
  • In the origins in Ancient Greece, it was conceived of as rule by the best qualified citizens, and contrasted with monarchy.
  • In later times, aristocracy was usually seen as rule by a privileged group, the aristocratic class, and contrasted with democracy.
  • Similarly, plutocracy is rule by the wealthy.