business development

Examples of business development in the following topics:

• The Goals of Economic Policy

  • There are four major goals of economic policy: stable markets, economic prosperity, business development and protecting employment.
  • Policy is generally directed to achieve four major goals: stabilizing markets, promoting economic prosperity, ensuring business development, and promoting employment.
  • For much of the 20th century, governments adopted discretionary policies such as demand management that were designed to correct the business cycle.

• Environmental Policy

  • The environment covers so many different aspects of life from health and recreation to business and commerce that there are always competing interests involved at any legislation focused on the environment.
  • This act mandates the preparation of Environmental Assessments and Environmental Impact Statements to try and limit the environmental damage of development.
  • One of the enduring conflicts in environmental policy is between environmental and business interests.
  • However, some groups are attempting to incorporate concerns for the environment, with business and innovation.
  • For example, the Bright Green environmental movement focuses on developing technological fixes for environmental problems.

• The Progressive Era

  • This attitude started to change during the depression of the 1890's when small business, farm, and labor movements began asking the government to intercede on their behalf.
  • By the turn of the century, a middle class had developed that was leery of both the business elite and the radical political movements of farmers and laborers in the Midwest and West.
  • The progressives voiced the need for government regulation of business practices to ensure competition and free enterprise.
  • Muckrakers were journalists who encouraged readers to demand more regulation of business.
  • Taking his cue from developments during the progressive era , Ford offered a very generous wage—$5 a day—to his (male) workers.

• Maintaining a Strong Economy

  • Among its tasks are gathering economic and demographic data for business and government decision-making, issuing patents and trademarks, and helping to set industrial standards.
  • The Office of the United States Trade Representative is the government agency responsible for developing and recommending U.S. trade policy to the President, conducting trade negotiations at bilateral and multilateral levels, and coordinating trade policy within the government through the interagency Trade Policy Staff Committee (TPSC) and Trade Policy Review Group (TPRG).
  • The Federal Trade Commission promotes consumer protection and the elimination and prevention of anti-competitive business practices, such as coercive monopoly.The Small Business Administration provides support to entrepreneurs and small businesses by providing loans, contracts, and counseling.

• Regulation and Antitrust Policy

  • Antitrust laws are a form of marketplace regulation intended to prohibit monopolization and unfair business practices.
  • Economists also occasionally develop regulation innovations, such as emissions trading.
  • Intended to encourage competition in the marketplace, these laws make it illegal for businesses to employ practices that hurt other businesses or consumers, or that generally violate standards of ethical behavior.
  • Originally, these types of laws emerged in the U.S. to combat "corporate trusts," which were big businesses.
  • The government is hesitant to allow a company to develop market power, because if unchecked, such power can lead to monopoly behavior.

• Business and Labor in the Economy

  • The relationship between business and labor has been at the center of economic and political theory for the last two centuries.
  • The relationship between business and labor has been at the center of some of the major economic and political theories about capitalism over the last two centuries.
  • American workers consistently take fewer vacation days than their European counterparts and on average, take the fewest days off of any developed country.
  • Commercial law is the body of law that applies to the rights, relations, and conduct of persons and businesses engaged in commerce, merchandising, trade, and sales.
  • Labor strikes, such as this one in Tyldesley in the 1926 General Strike in the U.K., represent the often fraught relationship between labor and business.

• Environmental Interest Groups

  • Some early conservationists were members of the transcendental movement which developed in the 1830s, and represented a general rejection of the rise in urbanization in the US.
  • Some of the different types of environmentalism include the conservation movement, mostly focused on preserving land for sustainable use; the environmental justice movement that developed as a reaction to environmental racism in the US and particular in urban areas; the ecology movement, focused on human relationships and responsibilities to the environment; and bright green environmentalism, which looks at technological and design solutions to environmental question.
  • There are criticisms of environmental interest group including the concern that not all of their claims are scientifically sound, and the complaint that environmental actions or regulations will disrupt business.
  • On the other hand some business groups have also taken up environmental causes, with business practices and promotion geared towards members and supporters of environmental interests.
  • However other businesses have started to greenwash their products, leading environmental and consumer interest groups to pressure governments to regulate environmental product claims.

• Interest Groups

  • They have played and continue to play an important part in the development of political and social systems.
  • Some advocacy groups have developed into important social, political institutions or social movements.
  • Lobbying is regulated to stop the worst abuses which can develop into corruption.
  • Organizations can be categorized along the lines of the three elements of commerce: business owners, workers, and consumers.
  • Employers' organizations represent the interests of a group of businesses in the same industry.

• Interest Groups vs. Political Parties

  • Political parties are lobbied vigorously by organizations, businesses, and special interest groups such as trades unions.
  • Political science and sociology have developed a variety of theories and empirical research on social movements.
  • In the UK, the conservative party's campaigns are often funded by large corporations, as many of the conservative party's campaigns reflect the interests of businesses.
  • Explain how competing business interests lobby to influence legislation in Congress

• History of the Welfare State

  • Otto von Bismarck , the first Chancellor of Germany, created the modern welfare state by building on a tradition of welfare programs in Prussia and Saxony that began as early as in the 1840s, and by winning the support of business.
  • These included the passing of the Old-Age Pensions Act in 1908, the introduction of free school meals in 1909, the 1909 Labour Exchanges Act, the Development Act 1909, which heralded greater Government intervention in economic development, and the enacting of the National Insurance Act 1911 setting up a national insurance contribution for unemployment and health benefits from work.
  • The development of social insurance in Germany under Bismarck was particularly influential.
  • Some schemes were based largely in the development of autonomous, mutualist provision of benefits.
  • Otto von Bismarck, the first Chancellor of Germany, created the modern welfare state by building on a tradition of welfare programs in Prussia and Saxony that began as early as in the 1840s, and by winning the support of business.