Examples of primary immunodeficiency in the following topics:
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- Most cases of immunodeficiency are acquired (secondary) but some people are born with a defective immune system, or primary immunodeficiency.
- Immunodeficiency often affects multiple components, with notable examples including severe combined immunodeficiency (which is primary) and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (which is secondary).
- Primary Immunodeficiency is also known as congenital immunodeficiency.
- There are over 80 recognised primary immunodeficiency syndromes—generally grouped by the part of the immune system that is malfunctioning, such as lymphocytes or granulocytes.
- The treatment of primary immunodeficiencies depends on the nature of the defect, and may involve antibody infusions, long-term antibiotics, and (in some cases) stem cell transplantation.
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- Additionally, deficiencies in complement proteins produced in the liver can lead to a form of primary (congenital) immunodeficiency, in which the body is more susceptible to disease, particularly autoimmune diseases and severe bacterial infections.
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- Surprisingly, removal of the thymus does not result in a T cell immunodeficiency.
- It consists of primary lymphoid tissue, which provides a site for the generation and maturation of T lymphocytes, critical cells of the adaptive immune system.
- Though removal of the thymus in childhood causes severe immunodeficiency, later in life this is not an issue because of the proliferation of thymus activity early in life.
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- The primary stage classically presents itself with a single chancre (a firm, painless, non-itchy skin ulceration) as shown in .
- However, rates of infection have increased since the turn of the century in many countries, often in combination with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
- Primary syphilis is typically acquired by direct sexual contact with the infectious lesions of another person.
- Secondary syphilis occurs approximately four to 10 weeks after the primary infection.
- Approximately 30 to 60 percent of those exposed to primary or secondary syphilis will get the disease.
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- The primary route of transmission is through sexual contact; it may also be transmitted from mother to fetus during pregnancy or at birth, resulting in congenital syphilis.
- The signs and symptoms of syphilis vary depending in which of the four stages it presents (primary, secondary, latent, and tertiary).
- After decreasing dramatically since the widespread availability of penicillin in 1940s, rates of infection have increased since the turn of the millennium in many countries, often in combination with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
- Primary syphilis is typically acquired by direct sexual contact with the infectious lesions of another person.
- Secondary syphilis occurs approximately four to ten weeks after the primary infection.
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- Neonates are physiologically immunodeficient, meaning both their innate and adaptive immunological responses are greatly suppressed.
- There is evidence that these steroids act directly not only on the primary and secondary sexual characteristics, but also affect the development and regulation of the immune system.
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- The risk of developing thrush is also increased in a immunodeficiency, for example, by an immunosuppressive condition, such as HIV or AIDS, or receiving chemotherapy.
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- Other risk factors include human immunodeficiency virus.
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- In recent years, the cytokine receptors have come to demand the attention of more investigators than cytokines themselves, partly because of their remarkable characteristics, and partly because a deficiency of cytokine receptors has now been directly linked to certain debilitating immunodeficiency states.
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- Common sexually transmitted infections include: gonorrhea, syphillis, chlamydia, genital warts, genital herpes, the human papillomavirus (HPV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).