pancreatic fluid

Examples of pancreatic fluid in the following topics:

• Pancreatic Juice

  • Pancreatic fluid contains digestive enzymes that help to further break down the carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids in the chyme.
  • Pancreatic juice is a liquid secreted by the pancreas that contains a variety of enzymes, including trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, elastase, carboxypeptidase, pancreatic lipase, nucleases, and amylase.
  • A variety of factors cause a high pressure within pancreatic ducts.
  • Pancreatic duct rupture and pancreatic juice leakage cause pancreatic self-digestion.
  • A schematic diagram that shows pancreatic acini and the ducts where fluid is created and released.

• Pancreatitis

  • Pancreatitis, or inflammation of the pancreas, occurs when the pancreatic enzymes that digest food are activated inside the pancreas.
  • Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas.
  • Blood loss, dehydration, and fluid leaking into the abdominal cavity can lead to kidney failure.
  • Fluid in the lungs is usually present, and shallow breathing from pain can lead to lung collapse.
  • Late complications include recurrent pancreatitis and the development of pancreatic pseudocyst, which are collections of pancreatic secretions that have been walled off by scar tissue.

• Absorption of Monosaccharides, Amino Acids, Dipeptides, Tripeptides, Lipids, Electrolytes, Vitamins, and Water

  • Carboxypeptidase, which is a pancreatic brush border enzyme, splits one amino acid at a time.
  • Pancreatic lipase breaks down triglycerides into free fatty acids and monoglycerides.
  • Bile salts attach to triglycerides to help emulsify them, which aids access by pancreatic lipase.
  • Pancreatic amylase breaks down some carbohydrates (notably starch) into oligosaccharides.
  • Sodium is the main electrolyte found in extracellular fluid and is involved in fluid balance and blood pressure control.

• Pancreatic Cancer

  • Symptoms of pancreatic cancer metastasis.
  • The risk of developing pancreatic cancer increases with age.
  • The risk of pancreatic cancer in individuals with familial pancreatitis is particularly high.
  • Although drinking alcohol excessively is a major cause of chronic pancreatitis, which in turn predisposes to pancreatic cancer, chronic pancreatitis associated with alcohol consumption is less frequently a precursor for pancreatic cancer than other types of chronic pancreatitis.
  • These micrographs show the progression of changes in the pancreas due to cancer, from normal pancreas, to pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (precursors to pancreatic cancer), and finally pancreatic cancer.

• Bile

  • Bile is a fluid produced by the liver that aids the process of digestion and the absorption of lipids in the small intestine.
  • Bile, or gall, is a bitter-tasting, dark-green to yellowish-brown fluid produced by the liver that aids the process of digestion of lipids in the small intestine.
  • This increases the surface area of the fat and allows greater access by the pancreatic enzymes that break down fats.

• Overview of Pancreatic Islets

  • Pancreatic islets, also called the islets of Langerhans, are regions of the pancreas that contain its hormone-producing endocrine cells.
  • The pancreatic islets are small islands of cells that produce hormones that regulate blood glucose levels.
  • Hormones produced in the pancreatic islets are secreted directly into the blood flow by five different types of cells.
  • Gamma cells that produce pancreatic polypeptide and make up 3–5% of the total islet cells.
  • Pancreatic polypeptide regulates both the endocrine and exocrine pancreatic secretions.

• Edema

  • Edema is an abnormal accumulation of fluid beneath the skin or in one or more cavities of the body that produces swelling.
  • Edema is an abnormal accumulation of fluid beneath the skin or in one or more cavities of the body that produces swelling.
  • Edema is caused by increased secretion of fluid into the interstitium or impaired removal of this fluid.
  • Edema will occur in specific organs as part of inflammations, tendinitis, or pancreatitis, for instance.

• Jaundice

  • This hyperbilirubinemia subsequently causes increased levels of bilirubin in the extracellular fluid.
  • It may also indicate leptospirosis or obstruction of the biliary tract by gallstones or pancreatic cancer; it may less commonly be congenital in origin.
  • The most common causes are gallstones in the common bile duct and pancreatic cancer in the head of the pancreas.
  • Other causes include strictures of the common bile duct, biliary atresia, cholangiocarcinoma, pancreatitis, and pancreatic pseudocysts.

• Polycystic Kidney Disease

  • The cysts are numerous and are fluid-filled, resulting in massive enlargement of the kidneys.
  • As the cysts accumulate fluid, they enlarge, separate entirely from the nephron, compress the neighboring renal parenchyma, and progressively compromise renal function.
  • Under the function of gene defect, epithelial cells of renal tubule turn into epithelial cells of cyst wall after phenotype change and begin to have the function of secreting cyst fluid, which leads to continuous cysts enlargement.
  • The major extrarenal complications of ADPKD include cerebral aneurysms, hepatic cysts, pancreatic cysts, cardiac valve disease (especially mitral valve prolapse), colonic diverticula, and aortic root dilatation.

• Malabsorption of Nutrients

  • Enzymatic hydrolysis is initiated by intraluminal processes requiring gastric, pancreatic, and biliary secretions.
  • Intestinal malabsorption may be due to mucosal damage (enteropathy); congenital or acquired reduction in absorptive surface; defects of specific hydrolysis; defects of ion transport; pancreatic insufficiency; or impaired enterohepatic circulation.
  • For example, replacement of nutrients, electrolytes, and fluid may be necessary.
  • Pancreatic enzymes are supplemented orally in insufficiencies.