micro-trauma

Examples of micro-trauma in the following topics:

• Impacts of Exercise on Muscles

  • Muscle soreness, once thought to be due to lactic acid accumulation, has more recently been attributed to small tearing, or micro-trauma, of the muscles fibers caused by eccentric contraction.

• Peritonitis

  • Peritonitis may be localized or generalized, and may result from infection (often due to rupture of a hollow organ as may occur in abdominal trauma or appendicitis) or from a non-infectious process.
  • Other possible reasons for perforation include abdominal trauma, ingestion of a sharp foreign body (such as a fish bone, toothpick or glass shard), perforation by an endoscope or catheter, and internal leakage of a colostomy site.
  • It can result from abdominal trauma and occurs if the large bowel is perforated during surgery.
  • Disruption of the peritoneum, even in the absence of perforation of a hollow viscus, may also cause infection simply by letting micro-organisms into the peritoneal cavity.
  • Examples include trauma, surgical wound, continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, and intra-peritoneal chemotherapy.

• Stages of Bone Development

  • Bone remodeling also occurs in response to trauma, such as that following accidental bone fracture or the placement of dental implants.
  • The purpose of remodeling is to regulate calcium homeostasis and repair micro-damaged bones (from everyday stress), but also to shape and sculpt the skeleton during growth.

• Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

  • Historically (DSM-IV) categorized as an anxiety disorder, it is now  categorized under "Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders" in the DSM 5.
  • As an effect of psychological trauma, PTSD is less frequent and more enduring than the more commonly seen acute stress response.
  • Diagnostic symptoms for PTSD include re-experiencing the original trauma through flashbacks or nightmares, avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma, and increased arousal, such as difficulty falling or staying asleep, anger, and hypervigilance.
  • Although most people (50–90%) encounter trauma over a lifetime, only about 8% develop full PTSD.
  • This effect of childhood trauma, which is not well-understood, may be a marker for both traumatic experiences and attachment problems.

• Ruptured Spleen

  • The spleen acts as a blood filter for the body and can rupture due to trauma.
  • The rupture of a normal spleen can be caused by trauma, such as a car accident.

• Arterioles

  • An arteriole is a small-diameter blood vessel which forms part of the micro-circulation that extends and branches out from an artery and leads to capillaries.
  • The micro-circulation involves the flow of blood in the smallest blood vessels, and includes arterioles, capillaries, and venules throughout the body.

• Spinal Cord Trauma

  • A spinal cord injury (SCI) refers to any injury to the spinal cord that is caused by trauma and not disease.
  • A spinal cord injury (SCI) refers to any injury to the spinal cord that is caused by trauma instead of disease.
  • Spinal cord injuries have many causes, but are typically associated with major trauma from motor vehicle accidents, falls, sports injuries, and violence.

• Back Injuries and Heavy Lifting

  • Back injuries result from damage, wear, or trauma to the bones, muscles, or other tissues of the back.
  • Back injuries result from damage, wear, or trauma to the bones, muscles, or other tissues of the back.

• Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)

  • In those with cardiac arrest due to trauma CPR is considered futile in the pulseless case, but still recommended for correctible causes of arrest.
  • Chest compressions are capable of causing significant local blunt trauma, including bruising or fracture of the sternum or ribs.
  • Performing CPR on a healthy person may or may not disrupt normal heart rhythm, but regardless the technique should not be performed on a healthy person because of the risk of trauma.

• Black Eye

  • Unless there is actual trauma to the eye itself, medical attention is generally not needed.
  • Eye injury and head trauma may also coincide with a black eye.