Examples of muscle hypertrophy in the following topics:
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- Muscle atrophy is a decrease in muscle mass; muscle hypertrophy is an increase in muscle mass due to an increase in muscle cell size.
- Muscle hypertrophy is an increase in the size of a muscle through an increase in the size of its component cells.
- Several biological factors such as age and nutrition can affect muscle hypertrophy.
- During puberty in males, hypertrophy occurs at an increased rate.
- An adequate supply of amino acids is essential to produce muscle hypertrophy.
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- Sustained, repeated overload of a muscle group leads to hypertrophy and strengthening of those muscles.
- In the short term muscle can become fatigued and sore for reasons like impaired blood flow, ion imbalance within the muscle, nervous
fatigue, loss of desire to continue exercising, and most importantly, the accumulation
of lactic acid in the muscle.
- Muscle hypertrophy, or the increase in muscle mass due to exercise , particularly weight training, is a noticeable long-term effect of exercise.
- Exercise of specific muscles can often result in hypertrophy in the opposite muscles as well, a phenomenon known as cross education.
- With sufficient training the metabolic capacity
of a muscle can change, delaying the onset of muscle fatigue.
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- They increase protein synthesis within cells, which results in the buildup of cellular tissue (anabolism), especially in muscles.
- The effect of anabolic steroids on muscle mass is caused in at least two ways: first, they increase the production of proteins; second, they reduce recovery time by blocking the effects of the stress hormone cortisol on muscle tissue, so that catabolism of muscle is greatly reduced.
- Some hypothesize that this reduction in muscle breakdown may occur by way of anabolic steroids inhibiting the action of other steroid hormones called glucocorticoids, which promote the breakdown of muscles.
- Additionally, anabolic steroids can decrease fat by increasing basal metabolic rate (BMR), since an increase in muscle mass increases BMR.
- Anabolic steroids are testosterone and dihydrotestosterone hormone mimics that stimulate anabolism, specifically protein synthesis and muscle hypertrophy.
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- Exercise resulting in eccentric contractions at high loading can cause muscle soreness, indicative of muscle tearing, and reduced or impaired muscle function.
- This is specifically caused by eccentric exercise altering muscle ultrastructure and sarcoplasmic reticulum functioning.
- The degradative pathways stimulated by such alterations cause reductions in muscle force, soreness, and overall impaired muscle function.
- Creatine supplementation can also cause an increase in muscle mass (muscle hypertrophy).
- Molecular structure of phosphocreatine donates the high energy phosphate group to ADP and acts as a short-term energy pool for muscle contractions.
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- There is narrowing (stenosis) of the opening from the stomach to the first part of the small intestine known as the duodenum, due to enlargement (hypertrophy) of the muscle surrounding this opening (the pylorus, meaning "gate"), which spasms when the stomach empties.
- This hypertrophy is felt classically as an olive-shaped mass in the middle upper part or right upper quadrant of the infant's abdomen.
- In pyloric stenosis, it is uncertain whether there is a real congenital narrowing or whether there is a functional hypertrophy of the pyloric sphincter muscle.
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- As a type of muscle tissue, the myocardium is unique among all other muscle tissues in the human body.
- Cardiac muscle, like skeletal muscle, is comprised of sarcomeres, the basic, contractile units of muscle.
- Cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle both contain the protein myoglobin, which stores oxygen.
- Cardiac hypertrophy is a common result of hypertension (high blood pressure) in which the cells of the myocardium enlarge as an adaptive response to pumping against the higher pressure.
- Eventually, hypertrophy may become so severe that heart failure occurs when the heart becomes so stiff that it can no longer pump blood.
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- Ischemic cardiomyopathy implies that the cause of muscle damage is coronary artery disease.
- Dilated cardiomyopathy implies that the muscle damage has resulted in enlargement of the heart.
- Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy involves enlargement and thickening of the heart muscle.
- Hypertrophy (an increase in physical size) of the myocardium also results as a compensatory mechanism when the terminally differentiated heart muscle fibers increase in size in an attempt to improve contractility.
- A healthy heart (left) and one suffering from right ventricular hypertrophy (right).
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- The ECG works by detecting and amplifying tiny electrical changes on the skin that occur during heart muscle depolarization.
- The P wave is the first wave on the ECG because the action potential for the heart is generated in the sinoatrial (SA) node, located on the atria, which sends action potentials directly through Bachmann's bundle to depolarize the atrial muscle cells.
- The QRS complex represents action potentials moving from the AV node, through the bundle of His and left and right branches and Purkinje fibers into the ventricular muscle tissue.
- Abnormalities in the QRS complex may indicate cardiac hypertrophy or myocardial infarctions.
- During ventricular fibrillation, the heart beats extremely fast and irregularly and can no longer pump blood, acting as a mass of quivering, disorganized muscle movements.
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- During exercise, the human body needs a greater amount of oxygen to meet the increased metabolic demands of the muscle tissues.
- In particular, the blood flow to the brain and heart is increased, while increased blood flow to the muscles makes exercise easier.
- This is one reason why muscles may become sore during exercise, though the lactic acid is eventually removed through conversion to glucose in the liver.
- Muscle tissue repair is impaired in those that exercise too frequently.
- Initially, hypertrophy improves blood flow due to increases in the strength of the heart, but it eventually leads to heart failure as the tissues become too thick to pump normally.
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- A sedentary and inactive lifestyle is associated with greater risk for hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, atherosclerosis, and myocardial infarctions, due to the metabolic changes that accompany a sedentary lifestyle.
- Aerobic conditioning is a process by which one trains the heart and lungs to pump blood more efficiently, allowing more oxygen to get to muscles, organs, and the heart itself.
- For example, some athletes may be at risk for cardiac hypertrophy from too much exercise over long periods of time and sudden cardiac death from exercising to the point that the heart's metabolic demands become too high, causing an arrhythmia.