long QT syndrome

Examples of long QT syndrome in the following topics:

• Congenital Heart Defects

  • Other defects, such as long QT syndrome, affect the heart's rhythm.
  • It is called hypoplastic left heart syndrome when it affects the left side of the heart and hypoplastic right heart syndrome when it affects the right side of the heart.
  • Most patients require life-long specialized cardiac care, first with a pediatric cardiologist and later with and adult congenital cardiologist.

• Down Syndrome

  • Down syndrome or Down's syndrome, also known as trisomy 21, is a chromosomal condition caused by the presence of all or part of a third copy of chromosome 21.
  • This is the cause of 1–2% of the observed Down syndromes.
  • In this case, the long arm of chromosome 21 is attached to another chromosome, often chromosome 14.
  • Translocation Down syndrome is often referred to as familial Down syndrome.
  • Many standard prenatal screens can discover Down syndrome.

• Patellofemoral Stress Syndrome

  • Patellofemoral pain syndrome is discomfort originating from the contact of the posterior of the patella (kneecap) with the femur.
  • Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is a syndrome characterized by pain or discomfort seemingly originating from the contact of the posterior surface of the patella (back of the kneecap) with the femur (thigh bone).
  • Secondary causes of PF Syndrome are fractures, internal knee derangement, osteoarthritis of the knee, and bony tumors in or around the knee.
  • Typically, patients will complain of localized anterior knee pain which is exacerbated by sports, walking, sitting for a long time, or stair climbing.
  • Patellofemoral pain syndrome may also result from overuse or overload of the PF joint.

• Marfan Syndrome

  • Marfan syndrome is a genetic disorder of the connective tissue.
  • People with Marfan's tend to be unusually tall, with long limbs and long, thin fingers.
  • Marfan syndrome has a range of expressions, from mild to severe.
  • Some have long, slender limbs with long fingers and toes.
  • Marfan syndrome can also seriously affect the eyes and vision.

• Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

  • Carpal tunnel syndrome is an entrapment median neuropathy of the median nerve due to its compression at the wrist in the carpal tunnel.
  • Long-standing CTS leads to permanent nerve damage with constant numbness, atrophy of some of the muscles of the thenar eminence, and weakness of palmar abduction.
  • Pain in carpal tunnel syndrome is primarily numbness that is so intense that it wakes one from sleep.
  • Carpal tunnel syndrome can be associated with any condition that causes pressure on the median nerve at the wrist.
  • Carpal tunnel syndrome is also associated with repetitive activities of the hand and wrist, in particular with a combination of forceful and repetitive activities.

• Edema Caused by Loss of Plasma Proteins

  • It can also occur in patients with long-standing diabetes, especially type 1 diabetes.
  • The nephrotic syndrome usually results in the excretion of about 3.0 to 3.5 grams per 24 hours.
  • By contrast, in nephritic syndrome RBCs pass through the pores, causing hematuria.
  • Nephrotic syndrome is often classified histologically.
  • The prognosis depends on the cause of nephrotic syndrome.

• Medulla Injury

  • Lateral medullary syndrome, also called Wallenberg syndrome and posterior inferior cerebellar artery syndrome, is a disease that presents with a constellation of neurologic symptoms due to injury to the lateral part of the medulla in the brain, resulting in tissue ischemia and necrosis, typically from blood clot (stroke) impeding the vertebral artery and/or the posterior inferior cerebellar artery .
  • This crossed finding is diagnostic for the syndrome.
  • Treatment for lateral medullary syndrome involves focusing on relief of symptoms and active rehabilitation to help those suffering from the syndrome recover their activities of daily living and cope with neurologic loss that can be psychologically devastating.
  • One of the most unique and difficult to treat symptoms that occur due to Wallenberg syndrome are interminable, violent hiccups.
  • Long term treatment generally involves the use of antiplatelets like aspirin or clopidogrel and statin regimen for the rest of their lives in order to minimize the risk of another stroke.

• Adrenal Gland Disorders

  • Other causes are a pituitary adenoma or microadenoma, hypothalamic tumor (surgical removal of a pituitary tumor can also suppress production of ACTH and lead to adrenal deficiency), and Sheehan's syndrome, which is associated with impairment of only the pituitary gland.
  • An example of second adrenal insufficiency syndrome can be caused by craniopharyngioma which is a benign tumor that can damage the pituitary gland causing the adrenal glands not to function.
  • Causes of acute adrenal insufficiency are mainly Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome, sudden withdrawal of long-term corticosteroid therapy and stress in patients with underlying chronic adrenal insufficiency.
  • Autoimmune adrenalitis may be part of Type 2 autoimmune polyglandular syndrome, (which can include type 1 diabetes), hyperthyroidism, autoimmune thyroid disease (also known as autoimmune thyroiditis and Hashimoto's disease).
  • Hypogonadism and pernicious anemia may also present with this syndrome.

• Exhaustion

  • Acute stressors affect an organism in the short term; chronic stressors over the long term.
  • Exhaustion is the third and final stage in the general adaptation syndrome model.
  • If stage three is extended, long-term damage may result, as the body's immune system becomes exhausted, and bodily functions become impaired and result in decompensation.

• Shin Splint Syndrome

  • Most shin splints, known as Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome (MTSS), can be attributed to overloading the muscles of the lower extremities or biomechanical irregularities.
  • However, onset can occur during the initial rigors of exercise after an individual has been inactive for a long period of time.
  • As the syndrome progresses pain may stay throughout the whole training or during low intensity activity and may continue at rest.
  • Compartment syndrome may require immediate medical intervention, depending on the severity of the condition.
  • Evaluate the treatment options for medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS) or shin splints