lateral pterygoid

Examples of lateral pterygoid in the following topics:

• Chewing Muscles

  • Lateral Pterygoid - The lateral pterygoid muscle has a triangular shape with two head, superior and inferior.
  • Actions - Together, the lateral pterygoids protract the jaw, working independently to produce lateral movement.
  • It is located inferior to the lateral pterygoid.
  • Produced by the lateral pterygoid, assisted by the digastric, mylohyoid and geniohyoid muscles found in the neck.
  • Arrows indicate the location of the lateral pterygoid, highlighted with the medial pterygoid in orange.

• Dislocated Mandible

  • For the mouth to close it requires the following muscles: the masseter, temporalis, and medial pterygoid muscle.
  • For the jaw to open it requires the lateral pterygoid muscle.
  • There are four different positions of jaw dislocation: posterior, anterior, superior, and lateral.
  • The muscles that are affected during anterior jaw dislocation are the masseter and temporalis, which pull up on the mandible, and the lateral pterygoid, which relaxes the mandibular condyle.
  • Differentiate among the 4 types of jaw dislocation: posterior, anterior, superior, and lateral

• Trigeminal (V) Nerve

  • The motor component of the mandibular division (V3) of the trigeminal nerve controls the movement of eight muscles, including the four muscles of mastication: the masseter, the temporal and the medial and lateral pterygoids.

• Cranial Bones

  • The temporal bones are situated at the base and sides of the skull, lateral to the temporal lobes of the brain.
  • The sphenoid bone is divided into several parts: the body of the bone, two greater wings, two lesser wings, and the pterygoid processes.
  • The lesser wings project laterally and form the floor of the anterior cranial fossa and the superior orbital fissure through which several key optical nerves pass.

• Hemispheric Lateralization

  • Although a lateral dominance occurs measurably, most functions are present in both hemispheres.
  • While many functions are lateralized, this is only a tendency.
  • While language production is left-lateralized in up to 90% of right-handed subjects, it is more bilateral or even right lateralized in approximately 50% of left-handers.
  • The evolutionary advantage of lateralization comes from the capacity to perform separate parallel tasks in each hemisphere of the brain.
  • In a 2011 study published in the journal of Brain Behavioral Research, it was shown that lateralization of a few specific functions as opposed to overall brain lateralization is correlated with parallel tasks efficiency.

• Abducens (VI) Nerve

  • The abducens nerve (cranial nerve VI) controls the lateral movement of the eye through innervation of the lateral rectus muscle.
  • The abducens nerve (the sixth cranial nerve) is a somatic efferent nerve that, in humans, controls the movement of a single muscle: the lateral rectus muscle of the eye, which moves the eye horizontally .
  • It then enters the orbit through the superior orbital fissure and innervates the lateral rectus muscle of the eye.

• Muscles that Cause Movement at the Hip Joint

  • The muscles of the lateral rotator group are deeply located and as the name suggests, act to laterally rotate the thigh at the hip.
  • Actions - Lateral rotation and abduction of the thigh at the hip.
  • Actions - Lateral rotation and abduction of the thigh at the hip.
  • Actions - Lateral rotation and abduction of the thigh at the hip.
  • Actions: Extends and laterally rotates at the hip.

• Oculomotor (III) Nerve

  • The muscles it controls are the striated muscle in the levator palpebrae superioris and all extraocular muscles except for the superior oblique muscle and the lateral rectus muscle.
  • It passes between the superior cerebellar (below) and posterior cerebral arteries (above), and then pierces the dura mater anterior and lateral to the posterior clinoid process (gives attachment to the tectorium cerebella), passing between the free and attached borders of the tentorium cerebelli.
  • It runs along the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus, above the other orbital nerves, receiving in its course one or two filaments from the cavernous plexus of the sympathetic nervous system, and a communicating branch from the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve.
  • It then divides into two branches that enter the orbit through the superior orbital fissure, between the two heads of the lateral rectus (a muscle on the lateral side of the eyeball in the orbit).

• Carpals, Metacarpals, and Phalanges (The Hand)

  • The carpals are often split into two rows, the proximal row containing the scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, and pisiform, moving lateral to medial.
  • The distal row contains the trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate, moving lateral to medial.
  • They are numbered moving lateral to medial, and start with the thumb, which is metacarpal I, and end with metacarpal V, the little finger.
  • Each metacarpal consists of a base, shaft, and head, with the concave lateral and medial borders of the shaft allowing attachment of the interossei muscles.
  • The digits are named in a similar fashion to the metacarpals, moving lateral to medial, and starting at the thumb.

• Femur (The Thigh)

  • Immediately lateral to the head is the neck that connects the head with the shaft.
  • Located superiorly on the main shaft, lateral to the joining of the neck, the greater trochanter is a projection to which the abductor and lateral rotator muscles of the leg attach.
  • Two rounded regions, termed the medial and lateral condyles, articulate with the tibia at the most anterior projection of the patella.
  • Finally, the two epicondyles, the medial and lateral, lie immediately proximal to the condyles; they are also regions where key internal knee ligaments attach.