extrapyramidal system

Examples of extrapyramidal system in the following topics:

• Organization of Motor Neuron Pathways

  • The motor system is the part of the central nervous system that is involved with movement.
  • The motor system is the part of the central nervous system that is involved with movement.
  • It consists of the pyramidal and extrapyramidal system.
  • Included in the diagram are the following motor pathways: corticospinal tracts (pyramidal tract), and extrapyramidal tracts (tectospinal tract not delineated).

• Comparing the Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems

  • The peripheral nervous system (PNS, see ) is divided into the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.
  • The somatic nervous system controls all voluntary muscular systems within the body, and also mediates involuntary reflex arcs.
  • The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is the part of the peripheral nervous system that acts as a control system, functioning largely below the level of consciousness and controlling visceral functions.
  • It is classically divided into two subsystems: the parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS) and sympathetic nervous system (SNS).
  • The enteric nervous system is sometimes considered part of the autonomic nervous system, and sometimes considered an independent system.

• Parasympathetic Responses

  • The parasympathetic nervous system regulates organ and gland function during rest and is considered a slowly activated, dampening system.
  • The parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS, or occasionally PNS) is one of the two main divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) (shown in ).
  • The autonomic nervous system (ANS, or visceral nervous system, or involuntary nervous system) is the part of the peripheral nervous system that acts as a control system, functioning largely below the level of consciousness and controlling visceral functions.
  • The sympathetic nervous system can be considered a quick response, mobilizing system; and the parasympathetic a more slowly activated dampening system.
  • The parasympathetic nervous system, shown in blue, is a division of the autonomic nervous system.

• Overview of the Endocrine System

  • The endocrine system is a system of ductless glands that secrete hormones, which are chemical messengers that act at a distance.
  • The endocrine system is a system of ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the circulatory system to be carried long distances to other target organs regulating key body and organ functions.
  • Endocrine signalling is typically slow to initiate but is prolonged in response, providing a counterpoint to the more rapid and short lived nervous system signals.
  • The endocrine system is in contrast to the exocrine system which features ducted glands which secrete substances onto an epithelial surface for example a sweat gland.
  • The endocrine systems found in the head and neck include the hypothalamus, pineal, pituitary and thyroid glands.

• Structure of the Lymphatic System

  • The lymphatic system consists of lymphatic vessels and associated lymphoid organs.
  • In a sense, it is a circulatory system for lymph fluid and the site of many key immune system functions.
  • The structure of the lymphatic system facilitates these general roles.
  • The lymphatic vessels are the lymphatic system equivalent to the blood vessels of the circulatory system and drains fluid from the circulatory system.
  • The lymphatic system is an active pumping system with active pumping segments with a function similar to that of peristalsis.

• Organization of the Nervous System

  • A nervous system is what allows us to react to the changing environment around us.
  • The nervous system is an organ system that coordinates our actions by transmitting signals between different parts of our bodies.
  • The central nervous system (CNS) is composed of the brain, spinal cord, and retina.
  • Along with neurons, the nervous system relies on the function of other specialized cells called glial cells, or glia, that provide structural and metabolic support to the nervous system.
  • Gross organization of the nervous system, with the peripheral nervous system, the spinal, and the cortical levels.

• Functions of the Nervous System

  • The primary function of the nervous system is to coordinate and control the various functions of our body.
  • The nervous system has three overlapping functions.
  • The nervous system is a highly integrated system.
  • Nervous system processes and interprets sensory input and decides what should be done at the each moment.
  • The nervous system activates effector organs such as muscles and glands to cause a response called the motor input.

• Comparing the Nervous and Endocrine Systems

  • The nervous system and endocrine system both use chemical messengers to signal cells, but the speed of transmission is different.
  • Both the nervous system and the endocrine system use chemical messengers to signal cells, but the speed at which these messages are transmitted and the length of effect differs.
  • The nervous system responds rapidly to stimuli by sending electrical action potentials along neurons, which in turn transmit these action potentials to their target cells using neurotransmitters, the chemical messenger of the nervous system.
  • The response to stimuli by the nervous system is near instantaneous although the effects are often short lived.
  • The endocrine system relies on hormones to elicit responses from target cells.

• Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

  • The autonomic nervous system is a part of the peripheral nervous system that controls visceral functions such as heart rate and digestion.
  • The autonomic nervous system (ANS or visceral nervous system or involuntary nervous system) is the part of the peripheral nervous system that acts as a control system functioning largely below the level of consciousness and controls visceral functions .
  • It is classically divided into two subsystems: the parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS) and sympathetic nervous system (SNS).
  • The enteric nervous system is sometimes considered part of the autonomic nervous system, and sometimes considered an independent system.
  • An illustration of neural control of the gut wall by the autonomic nervous system and the enteric nervous system.

• Overview of the Musculoskeletal System

  • The musculoskeletal system is an organ system that enables an organism to move, support itself, and maintain stability during locomotion.
  • The musculoskeletal system (also known as the locomotor system) is an organ system that gives animals (including humans) the ability to move, using the muscular and skeletal systems.
  • The skeletal portion of the system serves as the main storage system for calcium and phosphorus.
  • The skeleton also contains critical components of the hematopoietic (blood production) system.
  • Only skeletal and smooth muscles are considered part of the musculoskeletal system.