Examples of Widal test in the following topics:
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- The classic Widal test is negative in the first week.
- The Widal test is strongly positive with antiO and antiH antibodies.
- Diagnosis is made by any blood, bone marrow or stool cultures and with the Widal test (demonstration of salmonella antibodies against antigens O-somatic and H-flagellar).
- In epidemics and less wealthy countries, after excluding malaria, dysentery or pneumonia, a therapeutic trial time with chloramphenicol is generally undertaken while awaiting the results of the Widal test, and cultures of the blood and stool.
- The Widal test is time-consuming and often, when a diagnosis is reached, it is too late to start an antibiotic regimen.
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- For assessing the presence of allergen-specific IgE antibodies, you can use two different methods: a skin prick test or an allergy blood test.
- Skin testing is also known as "puncture testing" and "prick testing" because of the series of tiny punctures or pricks made in the patient's skin.
- Common areas for testing include the inside forearm and the back.
- Allergy blood tests are very safe, since the patient is not exposed to any allergens during the testing procedure.
- Describe how the skin prick test and the allergy blood test work to assess the presence of allergen specific antibodies in an individual
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- Kirby-Bauer testing measures sensitivity of bacteria to antibiotics by culturing bacteria on solid growth media surrounding sources of drug.
- Kirby-Bauer antibiotic testing (also called KB testing or disk diffusion antibiotic sensitivity testing) uses antibiotic-containing wafers or disks to test whether particular bacteria are susceptible to specific antibiotics.
- KB test results are usually reported as sensitive, intermediate, or resistant, based on the size of the zone of inhibition.
- Clinicians can use KB test results to choose appropriate antibiotics to combat a particular infection in a patient.
- Thus, clinical application of KB testing results can decrease the frequency with which antibiotic-resistant bacteria evolve.
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- Agglutination reactions apply to particulate test antigens that have been conjugated to a carrier.
- The endpoint of the test is the observation of clumps resulting from that antigen-antibody complex formation.
- If an antigen is present in a test specimen, it will bind to the antibody and form visible, cross-linked aggregates.
- Agglutination tests are easy to perform and in some cases are the most sensitive tests currently available.
- These tests have a wide range of applications in the clinical diagnosis of non-infectious immune disorders and infectious disease.
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- There are numerous tests and assays available that are utilized to aid in bacterial identification in a variety of settings.
- Examples of chemical assays include the classic test for Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria via Gram staining.
- There are numerous tests utilized in bacterial identification which involve testing for hydrolysis of specific substances.
- These tests include hydrolysis of starch, lipids, casein and gelatin.
- Contrast the different tests that can be used in studies of microbes
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- In vivo testing using animal models of disease help discover new ways of solving complex health problems.
- In vivo testing follows strict guidelines and humane animal use ethics.
- They are useful vehicles to understand how our bodies work, find cures and treatments for diseases, test new drugs for safety, and evaluate medical procedures before they are used on patients.
- In vivo testing remains a crucial step for the evaluation of in vitro experimental findings and the production of immunological solutions needed for the diagnosis of human diseases.
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- A classic example of delayed type IV hypersensitivity is the Mantoux tuberculin test in which skin induration indicates exposure to tuberculosis.
- If a person has had a history of a positive tuberculin skin test, or had a recent tuberculin skin test (within one year), another skin test should be used.
- The Mantoux test (also known as the Mantoux screening test, tuberculin sensitivity test, Pirquet test, or PPD test for purified protein derivative) is a diagnostic tool for tuberculosis.
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- As such, further testing is required.
- Biochemical tests are also used to help in microbial disease diagnosis.
- They will specifically test for metabolic and enzymatic products that an infectious agent may use.
- Biochemical tests will also test for fermentation products, acids, alcohol or gases that may be products of metabolic pathways.
- PCR allows for the identification and testing for nucleic acids which are specific to the infectious agent.
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- Diagnostic laboratory techniques include direct testing using a microscope, immunological, or genetic methods that provide immediate clues as to the identity of the microbe or microbes in the sample, and cultivation, isolation, and identification of pathogens using a wide variety of general and specific tests (such as blood or other fluids).
- Serological tests on a patient's serum can detect signs of an antibody response.
- Skin testing can pinpoint a delayed allergic reaction to a microorganism.
- These tests are important in screening the general population for exposure to an infectious agent such as rubella or tuberculosis.
- Diagnostic tests exist for determining the presence of specific enzymes and assessing nutritional and metabolic activities.
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- A number of different tests are used as diagnostic tools.
- A very common diagnostic test is the CAMP test named after the three people that discovered it.
- The method of enrichment followed by the CAMP tests is currently the gold standard for GBS diagnosis.
- Describe the pathogenic characteristics, symptoms and diagnostic test used for Group B streptococcus (GBS)