Tat pathway

Examples of Tat pathway in the following topics:

• Group Translocation

  • The twin-arginine translocation pathway (Tat pathway) is a protein export or secretion pathway found in plants, bacteria, and archaea.
  • In contrast to the Sec pathway which transports proteins in an unfolded manner, the Tat pathway serves to actively translocate folded proteins across a lipid membrane bilayer.
  • The Tat pathways of Gram-positive bacteria differ in that they do not have a TatB component.
  • In addition, a number of exported virulence factors have been shown to rely on the Tat pathway.
  • Recall the following types of transport systems: PEP group translocation and the TAT pathway

• The Entner–Doudoroff Pathway

  • The Entner–Doudoroff pathway is an alternate series of reactions that catabolize glucose to pyruvate.
  • The Entner–Doudoroff pathway describes an alternate series of reactions that catabolize glucose to pyruvate using a set of enzymes different from those used in either glycolysis or the pentose phosphate pathway .
  • Most bacteria use glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway.
  • This pathway was first reported in 1952 by Michael Doudoroff and Nathan Entner.
  • There are a few bacteria that substitute classic glycolysis with the Entner-Doudoroff pathway.

• Substrates for Biosynthesis

  • These pathways are necessary for survival and cellular function.
  • These processes require pathways that are often multi-step.
  • An additional central metabolic pathway includes glycolysis.
  • Additional pathways that require substrates or metabolites produced by the glycolytic pathway include: gluconeogenesis, lipid metabolism, the pentose phosphate pathway, and the TCA.
  • An overview of the glycolytic pathway.

• Steroids

  • Steroid biosynthesis is an anabolic metabolic pathway that produces steroids from simple precursors.
  • A unique biosynthetic pathway is followed in animals compared to many other organisms, making the pathway a common target for antibiotics and other anti-infective drugs.
  • The non-mevalonate pathway or 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate/1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate pathway (MEP/DOXP pathway) of isoprenoid biosynthesis is an alternative metabolic pathway leading to the formation of isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP).
  • The classical mevalonate pathway or HMG-CoA reductase pathway is an important cellular metabolic pathway present in all higher eukaryotes and many bacteria.
  • In contrast to the classical mevalonate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis, plants and apicomplexan protozoa such as malaria parasites have the ability to produce their isoprenoids (terpenoids) using an alternative pathway, the non-mevalonate pathway, which takes place in their plastids.

• The Acetyl-CoA Pathway

  • The acetyl coenzyme A (CoA) pathway, commonly referred to as the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway or the reductive acetyl-CoA pathway, is one of the major metabolic pathways utilized by bacteria.
  • The following is a brief overview of the acetyl-CoA pathway. .
  • The acetyl-CoA pathway begins with the reduction of a carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide.
  • Acetyl-CoA synthetase is a class of enzymes that is key to the acetyl-CoA pathway.
  • Methanogens are able to utilize the acetyl-CoA pathway to fix carbon dioxide.

• The 3-Hydroxypropionate Cycle

  • The 3-hydroxypropionate cycle is a carbon fixation pathway that results in the production of acetyl-CoA and glyoxylate.
  • Carbon fixation is a key pathway in numerous microorganisms, resulting in the formation of organic compounds deemed necessary for cellular processes.
  • One of the pathways that is utilized for carbon fixation is the 3-hydroxypropionate cycle.
  • The ability of Chloroflexus aurantiacus to utilize this pathway is unique.
  • An image of Chloroflexus aurantiacus, a green nonsulfur bacteria that utilizes the 3-hydroxypropionate pathway.

• Biosynthesis and Energy

  • A majority of the organic compounds required by microorganisms are produced via biosynthetic pathways.
  • The components which are utilized by biosynthetic pathways to promote the production of large molecules include chemical energy and catalytic enzymes.
  • The major pathways utilized to ensure fixation of carbon dioxide include: the Calvin cycle, the reductive TCA cycle, and the acetyl-CoA pathway.
  • In the acetyl-CoA pathway, carbon dioxide is reduced to carbon monoxide and then acetyl-CoA.
  • An additional biosynthetic pathway utilized by microorganisms includes the synthesis of sugars and polysaccharides.

• The Pentose Phosphate Shunt

  • The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) converts glucose-6-phosphate into NADPH and pentoses (5-carbon sugars).
  • There are two distinct phases in the pathway: the oxidative phase and the non-oxidative phase .
  • The second phase of this pathway is the non-oxidative synthesis of 5-carbon sugars.
  • Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase is the rate-controlling enzyme in this pathway.
  • The pentose phosphate pathway generates reducing equivalents in the form of NADPH.

• The Complement System

  • Three biochemical pathways activate the complement system: the classical complement pathway, the alternative complement pathway, and the lectin pathway.
  • The three pathways of activation all generate homologous variants of the protease C3-convertase.
  • shows the classical and the alternative pathways with the late steps of complement activation schematically.
  • In the classical pathway, C4 binds to Ig-associated C1q and C1r2s2 enzyme cleaves C4 to C4b and 4a.
  • The classical and the alternative pathways with the late steps of complement activation.

• Replicative Cycle of HIV

  • These small pieces are exported from the nucleus into the cytoplasm, where they are translated into the regulatory proteins Tat (which encourages new virus production) and Rev.