stringent response

(noun)

a stress response in bacteria in reaction to amino-acid starvation, fatty acid limitation, and other stress conditions.

Related Terms

(noun)

The stringent response, also called stringent control, is a stress response that occurs in bacteria and plant chloroplasts in reaction to amino-acid starvation, fatty acid limitation, iron limitation, heat shock, and other stress conditions.

Related Terms

Examples of stringent response in the following topics:

  • Activation of Starvation by Survival Genes

    • Stringent response is a stress response that occurs in bacteria and plant chloroplasts in reaction to stress conditions.
    • Stringent Response, also called stringent control, is a stress response that occurs in bacteria and plant chloroplasts in reaction to amino-acid starvation, fatty acid limitation, iron limitation, heat shock, and other stress conditions.
    • The stringent response is signaled by the alarmone (p)ppGpp and modulating transcription of up to 1/3 of all genes in the cell.
    • In other bacteria, stringent response is mediated by a variety of RelA/SpoT Homologue (RSH) proteins.
    • In bacteria stringent response is mediated by a variety of RelA/SpoT Homologue (RSH) proteins.

  • The Stringent Response

    • The stringent response is a stress response that occurs in bacteria in reaction to amino-acid starvation or other stress conditions.
    • The stringent response, also called stringent control, is a stress response that occurs in bacteria and plant chloroplasts in reaction to amino-acid starvation , fatty acid limitation, iron limitation, heat shock, and other stress conditions.
    • The stringent response is signaled by the alarmone (p)ppGpp and modulating transcription of up to 1/3 of all genes in the cell.
    • During the stringent response, (p)ppGpp accumulation affects the resource-consuming cell processes replication, transcription, and translation.
    • Explain the function of the alarmone (p)ppGpp in the stringent response

  • Inoculation of Live Animals

    • Today, studying viruses via the inoculation of humans would require a stringent study of ethical practices by an institutional review board.
    • In addition to virus isolation, animal inoculation can also be used to observe pathogenesis, immune response, epidemiology, and oncogenesis.

  • The Heat-Shock Response

    • Heat shock response is a cell's response to intense heat, including up-regulation of heat shock proteins.
    • The bacterial stress response enables bacteria to survive adverse and fluctuating conditions in their immediate surroundings.
    • Various bacterial mechanisms recognize different environmental changes and mount an appropriate response.
    • Heat shock response is the cellular response to heat shock includes the transcriptional up-regulation of genes encoding heat shock proteins (HSPs) as part of the cell's internal repair mechanism .
    • Describe how the bacterial stress response enables bacteria to survive adverse and fluctuating conditions in their immediate surroundings such as increases in temperature

  • The Complement System

    • The serum complement system, which represents a chief component of innate immunity, not only participates in inflammation but also acts to enhance the adaptive immune response.
    • This intricate interaction among complement activation products and cell surface receptors provides a basis for the regulation of both B and T cell responses.
    • More recently, however, the role of the complement in the immune response has been expanded due to observations that link complement activation to adaptive immune responses.
    • It has become increasingly understood that complement functions in host defense extend beyond innate immune responses.
    • Subsequent work demonstrated that depletion of C3 impaired humoral immune responses and provided direct evidence that efficient adaptive responses were contingent on an intact complement system in some cases.

  • Allergic Responses to Drugs

    • Virtually any substance, when exposed internally or externally to the body, can act as an allergen and illicit an immune system response, such is the case with antimicrobial drugs.
    • While the drug acts as an allergen, the drug itself is not causing direct damage to the individual, but rather it is the response of an individual's immune system which is deleterious.
    • An allergic reaction is the body's response to clear a foreign substance.
    • Additionally the allergic reaction may not even be due to the penicillin, as dyes and other chemicals added to antimicrobial drugs may in fact cause the allergic response instead.
    • Explain the physiology of an immune response responsible for an allergic reaction to drugs

  • Natural Active Immunity

    • Immunity is the state of protection against infectious disease conferred either through an immune response generated by immunization or previous infection, or by other non-immunological factors.
    • Naturally acquired active immunity occurs when the person is exposed to a live pathogen, develops the disease, and becomes immune as a result of the primary immune response.
    • The adaptive immune response generated against the pathogen takes days or weeks to develop but may be long-lasting, or even lifelong.
    • Wild infection, for example with hepatitis A virus (HAV) and subsequent recovery, gives rise to a natural active immune response usually leading to lifelong protection.
    • In a similar manner, administration of two doses of hepatitis A vaccine generates an acquired active immune response leading to long-lasting (possibly lifelong) protection.

  • Primary and Secondary Antibody Responses

    • Adaptive (or acquired) immunity creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific pathogen, leading to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that same pathogen.
    • If a pathogen breaches these barriers, the innate immune system provides an immediate, but non-specific response.
    • If pathogens successfully evade the innate response, vertebrates possess a second layer of protection, the adaptive immune system, which is activated by the innate response.
    • Here, the immune system adapts its response during an infection to improve its recognition of the pathogen.
    • Generalize the role of the innate and adaptive immune system in regards to antibody response

  • Arthropods as Vectors

    • These arthropods are responsible for the transmission of numerous diseases.
    • Pool feeders, which include both the sand and black fly, responsible for Leishmaniasis and Onchocerciasis diseases, will chew the hosts skin.
    • In the case of sand flies, responsible for Leishmaniasis, the parasites infect the host through the saliva.
    • In the case of black flies, responsible for Onchocerciasis, the parasites are forced out of the insects head into the pool of blood.
    • The human flea, Pulex irritans, and the Oriental rat flea , Xenopsylla cheopis, are responsible for the transmission of the bubonic plague, murine typhus, and tapeworms.

  • Swimmer's Itch

    • Swimmer's itch is a result of an immune reaction in response to the penetration of the skin by a schistosome.
    • It is caused by an immune response that is activated upon the entry of a water-borne flatworm parasite named schistosomatidae into the skin.
    • The schistosomatidae which are responsible for swimmer's itch include the genera Trichobilharzia and Gigantobilharzia.
    • In turn, the cercaria which are responsible for swimmer's itch are produced.