signaling pathway

Examples of signaling pathway in the following topics:

• Toll-Like Receptors

  • In addition, random germline mutagenesis with ENU has been used to decipher the TLR signaling pathways.
  • Four adapter molecules are known to be involved in signaling.
  • TLR signaling is divided into two distinct signaling pathways, the MyD88-dependent and TRIF-dependent pathway.
  • TRIF activates the kinases TBK1 and RIP1, which creates a branch in the signaling pathway.
  • Signaling pathway of Toll-like receptors.

• Interferons

  • STAT activation initiates the most well-defined cell signaling pathway for all IFNs, the classical Janus kinase-STAT (JAK-STAT) signaling pathway.
  • In this pathway, JAKs associate with IFN receptors and, following receptor engagement with IFN, phosphorylate both STAT1 and STAT2.
  • In addition to the JAK-STAT pathway, IFNs can activate several other signaling cascades.
  • Both type I and type II IFNs activate a member of the CRK family of adaptor proteins called CRKL, a nuclear adaptor for STAT5 that also regulates signaling through the C3G/Rap1 pathway.
  • The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway is also regulated by both type I and type II IFNs.

• Microarrays and the Transciptome

  • Analysis of the transcriptomes of human oocytes and embryos is used to understand the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways controlling early embryonic development, and could theoretically be a powerful tool in making proper embryo selection during in vitro fertilization.
  • Analysis of the transcriptomes of human oocytes and embryos is used to understand the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways controlling early embryonic development, and could theoretically be a powerful tool in making proper embryo selection during in vitro fertilization.

• Caulobacter Differentiation

  • Several additional cell signaling pathways are also essential to the proper functioning of this cell cycle engine.
  • The principal role of these signaling pathways is to ensure reliable production and elimination of the CtrA protein from the cell at just the right times in the cell cycle.
  • Multiple additional regulatory pathways integral to cell cycle regulation and involving both phospho signaling pathways and regulated control of protein proteolysis act to assure that DnaA and CtrA are present in the cell exactly when they are needed.

• Two-Component Regulatory Systems

  • Two component signaling systems are widely occurring in prokaryotes whereas only a few two-component systems have been identified in eukaryotic organisms.
  • Signal transduction occurs through the transfer of phosphoryl groups from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to a specific histidine residue in the histidine kinases (HK).
  • Two-component signal transduction systems enable bacteria to sense, respond and adapt to a wide range of environments, stressors and growth conditions.
  • These pathways have been adapted to respond to a wide variety of stimuli, including nutrients, cellular redox state, changes in osmolarity, quorum signals, antibiotics, temperature, chemoattractants, pH and more.
  • Signal transducing histidine kinases are the key elements in two-component signal transduction systems.

• Proteolytic Degradation

  • The recognition of this ubiquitin signal by the proteasome results in degradation of the protein into its amino acids, which are then recycled and reused for the synthesis of new proteins.
  • The proteasomal degradation pathway is the major pathway utilized to ensure proteolytic degradation .
  • The lysosomal pathway, in comparison to the proteasomal pathway, is typically non-selective.
  • Schematic of the proteolytic degradation pathway that utilizes proteasomal complexes.
  • The protein is tagged with several ubiquitin signals that target the proteasome.

• The Entner–Doudoroff Pathway

  • The Entner–Doudoroff pathway is an alternate series of reactions that catabolize glucose to pyruvate.
  • The Entner–Doudoroff pathway describes an alternate series of reactions that catabolize glucose to pyruvate using a set of enzymes different from those used in either glycolysis or the pentose phosphate pathway .
  • Most bacteria use glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway.
  • This pathway was first reported in 1952 by Michael Doudoroff and Nathan Entner.
  • There are a few bacteria that substitute classic glycolysis with the Entner-Doudoroff pathway.

• Substrates for Biosynthesis

  • These pathways are necessary for survival and cellular function.
  • These processes require pathways that are often multi-step.
  • An additional central metabolic pathway includes glycolysis.
  • Additional pathways that require substrates or metabolites produced by the glycolytic pathway include: gluconeogenesis, lipid metabolism, the pentose phosphate pathway, and the TCA.
  • An overview of the glycolytic pathway.

• Unsticking Stuck Ribosomes

  • Stuck mRNA transcripts can arise from many different mechanisms such as premature 3' adenylation or cryptic polyadenylation signals within the coding region of a gene.
  • The first pathway proteins bind to the stuck ribosome.
  • The proteins which freed the ribosome remain with the mRNA which targets the nonstop mRNA for recognition by RNA degradation pathway.
  • Trans-translation is a recently discovered pathway in E. coli, although it is not completely understood, it involves Transfer-messenger RNA (abbreviated tmRNA) which is a bacterial RNA molecule with dual tRNA-like and messenger RNA-like properties.

• Planctomycetes

  • A number of essential pathways are not organized as operons , which is unusual for bacteria.
  • One such example is a gene sequence (in Gemmata obscuriglobus) that was found to have significant homology to the integrin alpha-V, a protein that is important in transmembrane signal transduction in eukaryotes.
  • In genetics, an operon is a functioning unit of genomic DNA containing a cluster of genes under the control of a single regulatory signal or promoter.