ore leaching

Examples of ore leaching in the following topics:

• Microbial Ore Leaching

  • Microbial ore leaching is the process in which microorganisms are used to extract metals from ores.
  • Microbial ore leaching (bioleaching) is the process of extracting metals from ores with the use of microorganisms.
  • very efficiently extract metals when their concentration in the ore is low.
  • Bacteria perform the key reaction of regenerating the major ore oxidizer which in most cases is ferric iron as well as further ore oxidation.
  • When fungi are used, the leaching mechanism is different.

• Oligotrophs

  • Oligotrophic environments include deep oceanic sediments, caves, glacial and polar ice, deep subsurface soil, aquifers, ocean waters, and leached soils.
  • An ecosystem or environment is said to be oligotrophic if it offers little to sustain life.
  • The term is commonly utilized to describe environments of water, ice, air, rock or soil with very low nutrient levels.

• Pure Culture

  • A pure culture is a population of cells or multicellular organisms growing in the absence of other species or types.
  • A pure (or axenic) culture is a population of cells or multicellular organisms growing in the absence of other species or types.
  • A pure culture may originate from a single cell or single organism, in which case the cells are genetic clones of one another.
  • Once the growth medium in the petri dish is inoculated with the desired bacteria, the plates are incubated at the best temperature for the growing of the selected bacteria (for example, usually at 37 degrees Celsius for cultures from humans or animals or lower for environmental cultures).
  • Then they would take aliquots of the sample to test for the antimicrobial activity of a specific drug or protein (antimicrobial peptides).

• Immunoblot Procedures

  • Immunoblot procedures like protein blotting, or Western blotting, allow individuals to detect specific solubilized proteins from extracts made from cells or tissues, before or after any purification steps.
  • After this, they are transferred to a synthetic membrane via dry, semi-dry, or wet blotting methods.
  • Membranes can be of the nitrocellulose, polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF), or nylon variety.
  • Detection is typically performed using chromogen or peroxide-linked secondary antibodies to catalyze a chromogenic or chemiluminescent reaction.
  • Describe how Western blotting allows individuals to detect specific solubilized proteins from serum or cell or tissue extracts

• Slipped-Strand Mispairing

  • This RecA-independent mechanism can transpire during either DNA replication or DNA repair and can be on the leading or lagging strand and can result in an increase or decrease in the number of short repeat sequences.
  • Altered gene expression is a result of SSM and depending where the increase or decrease of the short repeat sequences occurs in relation to the promoter will either regulate at the level of transcription or translation.
  • The outcome is an ON or OFF phase of a gene or genes.
  • Through SSM the TA repeat region can undergo addition or subtraction of TA dinucleotides which results in the reversible ON phase or OFF phase of transcription of the hifA and hifB.
  • Purple ovals can either be a transcription factor (TF) or RNA polymerase (RNAP).

• Host Risk Factors

  • Individuals who are weak, sick, malnourished, have cancer, or are diabetic have increased susceptibility to chronic or persistent infections.
  • Those who are weak, sick, malnourished, have cancer, or are diabetic have increased susceptibility to chronic or persistent infections.
  • Risk of infection is a nursing diagnosis which is defined as "the state in which an individual is at risk to be invaded by an opportunistic or pathogenic agent (virus, fungus, bacteria, protozoa, or other parasite) from endogenous or exogenous sources. " The risk of infection depends on a number of endogenous sources.
  • Skin damage from incision can increase a patient's risk of infection, as can very young or old age, due to a naive or compromised immune system respectively.
  • These are not killed by alcohol-based hand cleansers or routine cleaning of surfaces.

• Synthetic Antimicrobial Drugs

  • An antimicrobial is a substance that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, or protozoans.
  • An antimicrobial is a substance that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, or protozoans .
  • Disinfectants are antimicrobial substances used on non-living objects or outside the body.
  • The old antimicrobial technology was based either on poisons or heavy metals, which may not have killed the microbe completely, allowing the microbe to survive, change, and become resistant to the poisons and/or heavy metals.
  • Sulfonamide or sulphonamide is the basis of several groups of drugs.

• Biological Weapons

  • Biological warfare (BW) is the use of biological toxins or infectious agents with the intent to kill or incapacitate.
  • Biological warfare (BW) — also known as germ warfare — is the use of biological toxins or infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi with the intent to kill or incapacitate humans, animals, or plants as an act of war .
  • Biological weapons (often termed "bio-weapons", "biological threat agents", or "bio-agents") are living organisms or replicating entities (viruses) that reproduce or replicate within their host victims.
  • These agents may be lethal or non-lethal, and may be targeted against a single individual, a group of people, or even an entire population.
  • They may be developed, acquired, stockpiled, or deployed by nation states or by non-national groups.

• Portals of Microbe Entry

  • Microbes gain access to human tissues via two main types of routes: mucosal surfaces within the body (linings of the respiratory, digestive, reproductive, or urinary tracts) or epithelial surfaces on the outside of the body (areas of skin that are either undamaged or compromised due to insect bites, cuts/scrapes, or other wounds).
  • direct physical contact (usually by touching soil contamination or a contaminated surface)
  • Disease can also be directly transmitted in two ways: horizontally or vertically.
  • In vector-borne transmission, it is at the bite or sting of the vector.
  • Other common indirect routes include contaminated food or water.

• Batch Culture of Bacteriophages

  • Bacteriophage cultures require host cells in which the virus or phage multiply.
  • Virus or phage cultures require host cells in which to multiply.
  • The genetic material can be ssRNA, dsRNA, ssDNA, or dsDNA ('ss-' or 'ds-' prefix denotes single-strand or double-strand), along with either circular or linear arrangements.
  • Phages may be released via cell lysis, by extrusion, or, in a few cases, by budding.
  • Virus or phage cultures require host cells in which to multiply.