Human microbiome

Examples of Human microbiome in the following topics:

• Overview of Human-Microbial Reactions

  • The Human Microbiome Project (HMP) is a United States National Institutes of Health initiative aimed at identifying and characterizing the microorganisms which are found in association with both healthy and diseased humans .
  • Total microbial cells found in association with humans may exceed the total number of cells making up the human body by a factor of ten-to-one.
  • The total number of genes associated with the human microbiome could exceed the total number of human genes by a factor of 100-to-one.
  • Organisms expected to be found in the human microbiome may generally be categorized as bacteria (the majority), archaea, yeasts, and single-celled eukaryotes as well as various helminth parasites and viruses, such as those that infect cellular microbiome organisms.
  • Components of the human microbiome change over time, affected by a patient disease state and medication.

• Normal Genitourinary Microbiota

  • The human microbiome, or human microbiota, is the aggregate of microorganisms that reside on the surface and in deep layers of skin, in the saliva and oral mucosa, in the conjunctiva, and in the gastrointestinal tracts.
  • Some of these organisms perform tasks that are useful for the human host.
  • Their role forms part of normal, healthy human physiology; however, if microbe numbers grow beyond their typical ranges (often due to a compromised immune system) or if microbes populate atypical areas of the body (such as through poor hygiene or injury), disease can result.
  • It is estimated that 500 to 1000 species of bacteria live in the human gut and a roughly similar number on the skin.
  • Bacterial cells are much smaller than human cells, and there are at least ten times as many bacteria as human cells in the body (approximately 1014 versus 1013).

• Normal Eye Microbiota

  • The human microbiome (or human microbiota) is the aggregate of microorganisms that reside on the surface and in deep layers of skin, in the saliva and oral mucosa, in the conjunctiva, and in the gastrointestinal tracts.
  • Some of these organisms perform tasks that are useful for the human host.

• Normal Gastrointestinal Microbiota

  • In this context, gut is synonymous with intestinal, and flora with microbiota and microflora; the word microbiome is also in use.
  • An effort to better describe the microflora of the gut and other body locations has been initiated (such as the Human Microbiome Project).
  • An enterotype is a classification of living organisms based on its bacteriological ecosystem in the human gut microbiome.
  • Three human enterotypes have been discovered.
  • Summarize the relationship between the nonpathogenic gastrointestinal microbiota and the human hosts

• Innate Resistance

  • The human microbiome (or human microbiota) is the aggregate of microorganisms that reside on the surface and in deep layers of skin, in the saliva and oral mucosa, in the conjunctiva, and in the gastrointestinal tracts.
  • Their role forms part of normal, healthy human physiology.
  • In this context, gut is synonymous with intestinal, and flora with microbiota and microflora, the word microbiome is also in use.
  • It is the largest reservoir of human flora.
  • The word microbiome is also in use.

• Penetrating Host Defenses

  • Although humans host many beneficial bacteria, certain pathogens can penetrate host defenses and cause illness or disease.
  • The human microbiome (or human microbiota) is the aggregate of microorganisms that reside on the surface and in deep layers of skin, in the saliva and oral mucosa, in the conjunctiva, and in the gastrointestinal tracts.
  • Some of these organisms perform tasks that are useful for the human host.
  • Many of the bacteria in the digestive tract, collectively referred to as the gut flora, are able to break down certain nutrients such as carbohydrates that humans otherwise could not digest.
  • Recombination between human and pig influenza viruses led to the 2010 H1N1 swine flu outbreak.

• Microbiota of the Skin

  • The skin flora, more properly referred to as the skin microbiome or skin microbiota, are the microorganisms that reside on the skin.
  • The skin flora, more properly referred to as the skin microbiome or skin microbiota, are the microorganisms that reside on the skin.
  • Scanning electron microscope image of Staphylococcus epidermidis one of roughly 1,000 bacteria species present on human skin.

• Microorganisms and Water Quality

  • Microorganisms from sewage can cause human disease, but can also negatively affect important ecosystems on which humans rely.
  • Although most coliform bacteria do not cause disease, they are commonly found in the human gut and in sewage, and their presence implies that human waste has reached the water supply.
  • However, contamination by sewage and human waste can disrupt the natural balance of bacteria and affect aquatic ecosystems.
  • An influx of human pathogens can cause problems for ecosystems in several ways.
  • Water quality is not just important for human health, it is important for the human communities that depend on aquatic and marine ecosystems.

• Special Culture Techniques

  • This also includes other human pathogens like the bacterium that causes Lyme disease.
  • Using animals to culture human-pathogens has problems.
  • Also, a microbe growing on animal other than a human may behave very differently from how that same microbe will behave on a human.
  • Some human pathogens are grown directly on cells cultured from humans.
  • As Chlamydia trachomatis only grows in humans.

• Emerging Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers

  • As human habitation expands, new viral hemorrhagic fevers are infecting humans.
  • Most emergent viruses can be categorized as zoonotic; an animal disease that can be transmitted to humans.
  • As human development increases, and we move into areas not previously inhabited a reservoir of a virus can be uncovered and infections of humans ensues.
  • Many newly discovered viruses come from these parts of the world as human habitation expands.
  • Although the source of the virus remains unclear, the study findings suggest that BASV may be spread by human-to-human contact and is an emerging pathogen associated with acute hemorrhagic fever in Africa .