Examples of heparan sulfate in the following topics:
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- Initial interactions occur when viral envelope glycoprotein C (gC) binds to a cell surface particle called heparan sulfate.
- These include herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM), nectin-1 and 3-O sulfated heparan sulfate.
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- Sulfate reduction is a type of anaerobic respiration that utilizes sulfate as a terminal electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.
- Sulfate reduction is a type of anaerobic respiration that utilizes sulfate as a terminal electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.
- All sulfate-reducing organisms are strict anaerobes.
- Many bacteria reduce small amounts of sulfates in order to synthesize sulfur-containing cell components; this is known as assimilatory sulfate reduction.
- Sulfate-reducing bacteria often create problems when metal structures are exposed to sulfate-containing water.
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- Plants and microbes assimilate sulfate and convert it into organic forms.
- Lots of bacteria reduce small amounts of sulfates to synthesize sulfur-containing cell components; this is known as assimilatory sulfate reduction.
- By contrast, the sulfate-reducing bacteria considered here reduce sulfate in large amounts to obtain energy and expel the resulting sulfide as waste.
- This process is known as dissimilatory sulfate reduction.
- In a sense, they breathe sulfate.
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- Instead, molecules such as sulfate (SO42-), nitrate (NO3-), or sulfur (S) are used as electron acceptors.
- Sulfate reduction uses sulfate (SO2−4) as the electron acceptor, producing hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as a metabolic end product.
- Sulfate reduction is a relatively energetically poor process, and is used by many Gram negative bacteria found within the δ-Proteobacteria.
- Some unusual autotrophic sulfate-reducing bacteria, such as Desulfotignum phosphitoxidans, can use phosphite (HPO3-) as an electron donor.
- Describe various types of electron acceptors and donors including: nitrate, sulfate, hydrgoen, carbon dioxide and ferric iron
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- Some sulfate-reducing bacteria can reduce hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene, and have been used to clean up contaminated soils .
- During this process, the hydrocarbon methane is oxidized with sulfate as the terminal electron acceptor: CH4 + SO42- → HCO3- + HS- + H2O.
- It is believed that AOM is mediated by a syntrophic aggregation of methanotrophic archaea and sulfate-reducing bacteria, although the exact mechanisms of this syntrophic relationship are still poorly understood.
- Recent investigations have shown that some syntrophic pairings are able to oxidize methane with nitrate instead of sulfate.
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- Archaeoglobus are sulfate-reducing archaea, coupling the reduction of sulfate to sulfide with the oxidation of many different organic carbon sources, including complex polymers.
- Archaeoglobus are lithotrophs, and can be either autotrophic or heterotrophic.The archaeoglobus strain A. lithotrophicus are lithoautotrophs, and derive their energy from hydrogen, sulfate and carbon dioxide.
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- Because of this, methanogens thrive in environments in which all electron acceptors other than CO2 (such as oxygen, nitrate, trivalent iron, and sulfate) have been depleted.
- In marine sediments, biomethanation is generally confined to where sulfates are depleted, below the top layers.
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- The net products of the reaction are soluble ferrous sulfate and sulfuric acid.
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- It is a branch of strictly anaerobic genera, which contains most of the known sulfate- (Desulfovibrio, Desulfobacter, Desulfococcus, Desulfonema, etc. ) and sulfur-reducing bacteria (e.g.
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- The cells are cocci, 0.6-1.5 micrometres long, with sulfated polysaccharide walls.