Examples of genomics in the following topics:
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- Genome reduction is the loss of genome size of a species in comparison to its ancestors.
- Genome size is the total amount of DNA contained within one copy of a single genome.
- The opposite or genome reduction also occurs.
- Genome reduction, also known as genome degradation, is the process by which a genome shrinks relative to its ancestor.
- A graph show the relative size of genomes, generally more "complex" organisms have larger genomes.
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- Genome annotation is the identification and understanding of the genetic elements of a sequenced genome.
- They annotate protein-coding genes and other important genome-encoded features.
- Once a genome is sequenced, it needs to be annotated to make sense of it.
- DNA annotation or genome annotation is the process of identifying the locations of genes and all of the coding regions in a genome and determining what those genes do .
- Genome annotation is the next major challenge for the Human Genome Project, now that the genome sequences of human and several model organisms are largely complete.
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- Bacterial genomes are smaller in size (size range from 139 kbp to 13,000 kpb) between species when compared with genomes of eukaryotes.
- Bacterial genomes are generally smaller and less variant in size between species when compared with genomes of animals and single cell eukaryotes.
- The relationship between life-styles of bacteria and genome size raises questions as to the mechanisms of bacterial genome evolution.
- One theory predicts that bacteria have smaller genomes due to a selective pressure on genome size to ensure faster replication.
- Unlike eukaryotes, bacteria show a strong correlation between genome size and number of functional genes in a genome.
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- The viral genome is the complete genetic complement contained in a DNA or RNA molecule in a virus.
- An enormous variety of genomic structures can be seen among viral species; as a group, they contain more structural genomic diversity than plants, animals, archaea, or bacteria.
- The vast majority of viruses have RNA genomes.
- Plant viruses tend to have single-stranded RNA genomes and bacteriophages tend to have double-stranded DNA genomes.
- The type of nucleic acid is irrelevant to the shape of the genome.
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- An open reading frame (ORF) is the part of a reading frame that varies in size and content in bacterial genomes.
- Bacterial genomes display variation in size, even among strains of the same species.
- These microorganisms have very little noncoding or repetitive DNA, as the variation in their genome size usually reflects differences in gene repertoire.
- However, in free-living bacteria, such gene loss cannot explain the observed disparities in genome size because ancestral genomes would have had to contain improbably large numbers of genes.
- The high numbers of ORFans in bacterial genomes indicate that, with the exception of those species with highly reduced genomes, much of the observed diversity in gene inventories does not result from either the loss of ancestral genes or the transfer from well-characterized organisms (processes that result in a patchy distribution of orthologs but not in unique genes) or from recent duplications (which would likely yield homologs within the same or closely related genome).
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- Retroviruses are viruses that are able to reverse transcribe their RNA genome into DNA, which is then integrated into a host genome.
- A retrovirus is an RNA virus that is duplicated in a host cell using the reverse transcriptase enzyme to produce DNA from its RNA genome.
- The DNA is then incorporated into the host's genome by an integrase enzyme.
- The virus itself stores its nucleic acid in the form of an mRNA genome and serves as a means of delivering that genome into cells it targets as an obligate parasite (a parasite that cannot live without its host).
- That process of delivering the genome into cells constitutes the infection.
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- Studies on microbial genomes may provide crucial starting points for understanding the genomics of higher organisms.
- There are 32 microbial genomes sequenced to date and published (25 domain Bacteria, 5 Domain Archaea, 1 domain Eukarya).
- There are two main approaches to sequencing microbial genomes – the ordered clone approach and direct shotgun sequencing both require large and small insert genomic DNA libraries in order to be effective.
- PCR products of every gene from a complete genome sequence are bound in a high-density array on a glass slide.
- Summarize the techniques used to study genomes: PFGE. ordered clone approach, direct shotgun sequencing and microarray hybridization
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- Whole-genome DNA-binding analysis is a powerful tool for analyzing epigenetic modifications and DNA sequences bound to regulatory proteins.
- Genomic DNA sequences are being determined at an increasingly rapid pace.
- A whole-genome approach was established to identify and characterize such DNA sequences.
- The method of chromatin immunoprecipitation, combined with microarrays (ChIP-Chip), is a powerful tool for genome-wide analysis of protein binding.
- It has also become a widely-used method for genome-wide localization of protein-DNA interactions.
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- Of the viral families with DNA genomes, only two have single-stranded genomes, the Inoviridae and the Microviridae.
- Of these, only two families have RNA genomes and only five are enveloped.
- Of the viral families with DNA genomes, only two have single-stranded genomes.
- The host's RNA polymerase binds to the viral genome and syntheses RNA.
- The genomes of this group tend to be smaller, about 4.5 kb in length.
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- The genome is circular and with 24,893 nucleotides is currently the largest known ssDNA genome.
- The morphology and the genome appear to be unique.
- The genome is circular and with 24,893 nucleotides is currently the largest known ssDNA genome.
- The morphology and the genome appear to be unique.
- Its genome sequence has been sequenced.