D-value

Examples of D-value in the following topics:

• Rate of Microbial Death

  • This D-value reference (DR) point is 121°C.
  • Z or z-value is used to determine the time values with different D-values at different temperatures with its equation shown below:
  • This D-value is affected by pH of the product where low pH has faster D values on various foods.
  • The D-value at an unknown temperature can be calculated knowing the D-value at a given temperature provided the Z-value is known.
  • This curve presents the DR value (12.6 seconds) and the 12-D reduction (151 seconds) for C. botulinum.

• Nitrospirae and Deferribacter

• Attachment and Entry of Herpes Simplex

  • The genome encodes for 11 different glycoproteins, four of which, gB, gC, gD and gH, are involved in viral attachment.
  • A second glycoprotein, glycoprotein D (gD), binds specifically to at least one of three known entry receptors.
  • Once bound to the HVEM, gD changes its conformation and interacts with viral glycoproteins H (gH) and L (gL), which form a complex.

• Nonribosomal Peptide Antibiotics

  • Nonribosomal peptides often have a cyclic and/or branched structures, can contain non-proteinogenic amino acids including D-amino acids, carry modifications like N-methyl and N-formyl groups, or are glycosylated, acylated, halogenated, or hydroxylated.
  • Nonribosomal peptide antibiotics (for example, actinomycin D ) , cytostatics, and immunosuppressants are used commercially.
  • Actinomycin D (also known generically as Actinomycin or Dactinomycin), is the most significant member of actinomycines, which are a class of polypeptide antibiotics isolated from soil bacteria of the genus Streptomyces.

• DNA Sequencing Based on Sanger Dideoxynucleotides

  • The classical chain-termination method requires a single-stranded DNA template, a DNA primer, a DNA polymerase, normal deoxynucleotidetriphosphates (dNTPs), and modified nucleotides (dideoxyNTPs) that terminate DNA strand elongation .
  • The ddNTPs may be radioactively or fluorescently labelled for detection in automated sequencing machines.The DNA sample is divided into four separate sequencing reactions, containing all four of the standard deoxynucleotides (dATP, dGTP, dCTP and dTTP) and the DNA polymerase.

• Deinococcus and Thermus

  • D. radiodurans is a rather large, spherical bacterium, with a diameter of 1.5 to 3.5 µm.
  • D. radiodurans does not form endospores and is nonmotile.
  • D. radiodurans is capable of withstanding an acute dose of five thousand Gy (five hundred thousand rad) of ionizing radiation with almost no loss of viability, and an acute dose of 15 thousand Gy with 37% viability.
  • D. radiodurans also has a unique ability to repair damaged DNA.

• Defective Viruses

  • Hepatitis D, also referred to as hepatitis D virus (HDV) and classified as Hepatitis delta virus, is a disease caused by a small circular enveloped RNA virus.
  • It is one of five known hepatitis viruses: A, B, C, D, and E.
  • In combination with hepatitis B virus, hepatitis D has the highest mortality rate of all the hepatitis infections of 20%.

• Antibody Genes and Diversity

  • The first stage is called somatic, or V(D)J, which stands for variable, diverse, and joining regions recombination.
  • V(D)J recombination takes place in the primary lymphoid tissue (bone marrow for B cells, and thymus for T cells) and nearly randomly combines variable, diverse, and joining gene segments.
  • Affinity maturation occurs after V(D)J recombination, and is dependent on help from helper T cells.
  • Outline the two stages which result in antibody diversity: somatic (V(D)J) and recombination stages

• Synthesizing DNA

  • Currently, the process is implemented as solid-phase synthesis using phosphoramidite method and phosphoramidite building blocks derived from protected 2'-deoxynucleosides (dA, dC, dG, and T), ribonucleosides (A, C, G, and U), or chemically modified nucleosides, e.g.

• Steroids

  • The core of steroids is composed of twenty carbon atoms bonded together that take the form of four fused rings: three cyclohexane rings (designated as rings A, B, and C in the figure to the right) and one cyclopentane ring (the D ring).
  • The non-mevalonate pathway or 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate/1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate pathway (MEP/DOXP pathway) of isoprenoid biosynthesis is an alternative metabolic pathway leading to the formation of isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP).