cytoplasm

Examples of cytoplasm in the following topics:

• Chemical Analysis of Microbial Cytoplasm

  • Microbial cytoplasm is contained within the cytoplasmic membrane and includes the cytosol, macromolecules, and inclusions.
  • The cytoplasm itself is enclosed within the membrane.
  • The components of the microbial cytoplasm include macromolecules, smaller molecules, various inorganic ions, and cytoplasmic inclusions.
  • The cytosol is a major component of the cytoplasm; it is the liquid portion of the cytoplasm that is not enclosed within a membrane-bound component.
  • Note the location of the cytoplasm and its components.

• The Cell Wall of Bacteria

  • Their genetic material is naked within the cytoplasm.
  • The term "nucleoid" refers to the region of the cytoplasm where chromosomal DNA is located, usually a singular, circular chromosome.
  • This rigid structure of peptidoglycan, specific only to prokaryotes, gives the cell shape and surrounds the cytoplasmic membrane.
  • They are transported across the cytoplasmic membrane by a carrier molecule called bactoprenol.

• MreB and Determinants of Cell Morphology

  • MreB has long been thought to form a helical filament underneath the cytoplasmic membrane.
  • MreB is a cytoskeleton element that assembles into filamentous structures within the bacterial cytoplasm.
  • MreB and its homologs have been shown to interact and co-localize with cytoplasmic protein( MurB-G), membrane-imbedded proteins ( MreD, MraY and RodA), as well as other molecules with large periplasmic domain in organism.
  • This ability of MreB is because of RodZ, an inner membrane protein containing an 80-residue, N-terminal cytoplasmic region, and a 200-amino acid periplasmic C-terminal tail.
  • RodZ co-localizes with MreB helices in a manner that is strictly dependent on its cytoplasmic region.

• Microbial Growth at Low or High pH

  • To survive, alkaliphiles maintain a relatively low alkaline level of about 8 pH inside their cells by constantly pumping hydrogen ions in the form of hydronium ions (H3O+) across their cell membranes and into their cytoplasm.
  • Most acidophile organisms have evolved extremely efficient mechanisms to pump protons out of the intracellular space in order to keep the cytoplasm at or near neutral pH.
  • However, other acidophiles, such as Acetobacter aceti, have an acidified cytoplasm which forces nearly all proteins in the genome to evolve acid stability.

• Replication of Herpes Simplex Virus

  • The viral genome immediately travels to the nucleus but the VHS protein remains in the cytoplasm.
  • This then fuses with the outer nuclear membrane releasing a naked capsid into the cytoplasm.
  • The virus acquires its final envelope by budding into cytoplasmic vesicles.

• Extremely Halophilic Archaea

  • Most halophilic organisms cope with the high concentrations of salt by expending energy to exclude salt from their cytoplasm to avoid protein aggregation, or "salting out. " "Normal" organisms would desiccate in these conditions, losing water via osmosis out of the cytoplasm.
  • One way halophilic archaea can increase their internal osmolarity is by accumulating organic compounds - called osmoprotectants - in their cytoplasm.
  • A more radical adaptation to preventing water loss employs the selective influx of potassium (K+) ions into the cytoplasm.

• Prokaryotic Transcription and Translation Are Coupled

  • Prokaryotic transcription occurs in the cytoplasm alongside translation and can occur simultaneously.
  • Prokaryotic transcription occurs in the cytoplasm alongside translation .
  • This is impossible in eukaryotes, where transcription occurs in a membrane-bound nucleus while translation occurs outside the nucleus in the cytoplasm.
  • In prokaryotes genetic material is not enclosed in a membrane-enclosed nucleus and has access to ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
  • This RNA is then subject to post-transcriptional modification and control, resulting in a mature mRNA (red) that is then transported out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm (peach), where it undergoes translation into a protein. mRNA is translated by ribosomes (purple) that match the three-base codons of the mRNA to the three-base anti-codons of the appropriate tRNA.

• Viral Gastroenteritis

  • Since these viruses have dsRNA genomes, replication occurs exclusively in the cytoplasm and the virus encodes several proteins which are needed for replication.
  • The inner shell particle then enters the cytoplasm by a yet unknown process to start replication.
  • Viral particles begin to assemble in the cytoplasm 6–7 hours after infection.

• Common Bacterial Traits

  • Bacteria do not tend to have membrane-bound organelles in their cytoplasm and thus contain few large intracellular structures.
  • Bacteria were once seen as simple bags of cytoplasm, but elements such as prokaryotic cytoskeleton, and the localization of proteins to specific locations within the cytoplasm have been found to show levels of complexity.

• T Cell Receptors

  • Each alpha and beta chain consists of one variable domain (V), one constant domain (C), a hydrophobic transmembrane region, and a short cytoplasmic region .
  • T cell receptor consists of alpha and beta chains, a transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmic region.