Examples of cross-resistance in the following topics:
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- Mutations in the enzyme active site and other sites, which cause conformational changes, can cause resistance.
- Quite often one mutation can lead to resistance to many different drugs simultaneously since they all share the same mode of action.
- This is called cross-resistance.
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- In both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, the scaffold of the cell wall consists of a cross-linked polymer peptidoglycan.
- This affects murein hydrolase activity, resistance to antibacterial peptides, and adherence to surfaces.
- Penicillin acts by binding to transpeptidases and inhibiting the cross-linking of peptidoglycan subunits.
- Penicillin acts by binding to penicillin binding proteins and inhibiting the cross-linking of peptidoglycan subunits.
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- Resistance can be mediated by the environment or the microorganism itself .
- Intrinsic resistance is considered to be a natural and inherited property with high predictability.
- Once the identity of the organism is known, the aspects of its anti-microbial resistance are also recognized.
- On the other hand, acquired resistance results from a change in the organism's genetic makeup.
- Describe the mechanisms bacteria use to develop antimicrobial resistance and the factors that can lead to it
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- The drug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, for the most part, threaten only hospitalized patients whose immune systems are weak.
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- There are two ways to acquire passive resistance against disease: passive natural and passive artificial.
- Some antibodies can cross the placenta and enter the fetal blood.
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- Antimicrobial resistance is a major public health and economic burden on patients, affected communities, and healthcare providers.
- Patients who are infected with bacterial strains resistant to more than one type or class of drugs (multidrug-resistant organisms, MDRO) often have an increased risk of prolonged illness, extended hospital stay, and mortality.
- Multidrug resistance forces healthcare providers to use antibiotics that are more expensive or more toxic to the patient.
- Research and development of new drugs effective against resistant bacterial strains also comes at a cost.
- Antibiotic misuse is a major cause of the staggering healthcare costs for the treatment of resistant bacterial strains.
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- It should be noted though that antibodies towards several O antigens cross-react with other O antigens and partially to K antigens not only from E. coli, but also from other Escherichia species and Enterobacteriaceae species.
- Food and Drug Administration, the fecal-oral cycle of transmission can be disrupted by cooking food properly, preventing cross-contamination, instituting barriers such as gloves for food workers, instituting health care policies so food industry employees seek treatment when they are ill, pasteurization of juice or dairy products and proper hand washing requirements.
- Severe meningitis in the neonates are caused because of the absence of the IgM antibodies from the mother (these do not cross the placenta because FcRn only mediates the transfer of IgG), plus the fact that the body recognizes as self the K1 antigen, as it resembles the cerebral glicopeptides.
- As Gram-negative organisms, E. coli are resistant to many antibiotics that are effective against Gram-positive organisms.
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- Endospores are considered the most resistant structure of microbes .
- They are resistant to most agents that would normally kill the vegetative cells from which they formed.
- Certain bacterial species are more resistant to treatment than others.
- Gram-negative bacteria have high natural resistance to some antibiotics.
- Staphylococcus aureus is one of the major resistant pathogens.
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- Antibiotic misuse is one factor responsible for the emergence of antimicrobial resistant bacterial strains.
- Antibiotic resistance occurs when antibiotics no longer work against disease-causing bacteria.
- Some resistant infections can even cause death.
- Antibiotic misuse has contributed largely to the emergence of new resistant strains.
- Misusing them leads to resistant bacterial strains.
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- Antimicrobial resistance has created a public health crisis in the treatment of infectious diseases and necessitates the discovery of new drugs.
- Research on new antimicrobial compounds is geared towards innovative targets to circumvent resistance.
- It is also necessary to initiate a worldwide awareness on antibiotic misuse and overuse as a mean to address the root of the problem for antimicrobial resistance.
- most bacterial species listed in this figure have developed resistance to available antibiotics necessitating new drug discovery.
- Explain the reasons for low production of new antibiotics and discuss the proposed mechanisms to evade antimicrobial resistance