vertical transmission

Examples of vertical transmission in the following topics:

• Portals of Microbe Entry

  • Disease can also be directly transmitted in two ways: horizontally or vertically.
  • Vertical disease transmission involves passing a disease causing agent vertically from parent to offspring.
  • In fecal-oral transmission, it is through the mouth.
  • In vector-borne transmission, it is at the bite or sting of the vector.
  • Recognize the various methods and types of microorganism transmission: vectors, hosts, horizontal, vertical transmissions

• Regulating Virulence

  • According to evolutionary medicine, optimal virulence increases with horizontal transmission (between non-relatives) and decreases with vertical transmission (from parent to child).
  • This is because the fitness of the host is bound to the fitness in vertical transmission but is not so bound in horizontal transmission.The pathogen population can evolve once it is in the host .
  • Short-sighted evolution hypothesis suggests that the traits that increase reproduction rate and transmission to a new host will rise to high frequency within the pathogen population.
  • If the pathogen's virulence kills the host and interferes with its own transmission to a new host, virulence will be selected against.
  • But as long as transmission continues despite the virulence, virulent pathogens will have the advantage.

• Horizontal Gene Transfer

  • Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is the introduction of genetic material from one species to another species by mechanisms other than the vertical transmission from parent(s) to offspring.
  • Horizontal gene transfer is the introduction of genetic material from one species to another species by mechanisms other than the vertical transmission from parent(s) to offspring.

• Portals of Exit

  • Transmission is the passing of a communicable disease from an infected host individual or group to a conspecific individual or group by one or more of the following means: droplet contact, direct physical contact, indirect physical contact, airborne transmission, and fecal-oral transmission.
  • Transmission can also be indirect, via another organism.
  • The second is vertical disease transmission – passing a disease causing agent vertically from parent to offspring, such as through perinatal transmission.
  • Direct fecal-oral transmission is rare for humans at least.
  • Some diseases transmissible by the sexual route include: HIV/AIDS and chlamydia.

• Ecology, Epidemiology, and Evolution of Pathogens

  • According to evolutionary medicine, virulence increases with horizontal transmission (between non-relatives) and decreases with vertical transmission (from parent to child).
  • This might induce faster host death, and act against the parasite's fitness by reducing probability to encounter another host (killing the host too fast to allow for transmission).

• Plant Viruses

  • When plant viruses are transferred between different plants, this is known as horizontal transmission; when they are inherited from a parent, this is called vertical transmission.

• Infectious Disease Transmission

  • Transmission may occur through several different mechanisms.
  • A common method of transmission in under-developed countries is fecal-oral transmission.
  • Transmission of infectious diseases may also involve a vector.
  • There are also a variety of infections transmitted vertically, that is from mother to child during the birthing process or fetal development.
  • Give examples of various modes of transmission, including direct and indirect transmission

• Chain of Transmission

  • The most important and frequent mode of transmission of nosocomial infections is by direct contact.
  • The most important and frequent mode of transmission of nosocomial infections is by direct contact.
  • Vector borne transmission occurs when vectors such as mosquitoes, flies, rats, and other vermin transmit microorganisms.
  • Contact transmission is divided into two subgroups: direct-contact transmission and indirect-contact transmission.
  • Differentiate between the various types of transmission: air-borne, common vehicle, vector borne, direct and indirect contact transmission

• The Vertical Line Test

  • The vertical line test is used to determine whether a curve on an $xy$-plane is a function
  • If, alternatively, a vertical line intersects the graph no more than once, no matter where the vertical line is placed, then the graph is the graph of a function.
  • The vertical line test demonstrates that a circle is not a function.
  • Thus, it fails the vertical line test and does not represent a function.
  • Any vertical line in the bottom graph passes through only once and hence passes the vertical line test, and thus represents a function.

• Amoebic Meningoencephalitis

  • However, thus far the only route for Naegleria fowleri to enter the central nervous system is via deep insufflation of infected water as it attaches itself to the olfactory nerve, which is exposed only at the extreme vertical terminus of the paranasal sinuses.
  • Summarize the route of transmission and effects of infection by Naegleria fowleri