horizontal transmission

(noun)

the transmission of an infectious agent, such as bacterial, fungal, or viral infection, between members of the same species that are not in a parent-child relationship

Related Terms

Examples of horizontal transmission in the following topics:

  • Portals of Microbe Entry

    • Disease can also be directly transmitted in two ways: horizontally or vertically.
    • Horizontal disease transmission occurs from one individual to another in the same generation (peers in the same age group), and can occur by either direct contact (licking, touching, biting), or indirect contact.
    • In fecal-oral transmission, it is through the mouth.
    • In vector-borne transmission, it is at the bite or sting of the vector.
    • Recognize the various methods and types of microorganism transmission: vectors, hosts, horizontal, vertical transmissions

  • Infectious Disease Transmission

    • Transmission may occur through several different mechanisms.
    • A common method of transmission in under-developed countries is fecal-oral transmission.
    • Transmission of infectious diseases may also involve a vector.
    • All of the above modes are examples of horizontal transmission because the infecting organism is transmitted from person to person in the same generation.
    • Give examples of various modes of transmission, including direct and indirect transmission

  • Ecology, Epidemiology, and Evolution of Pathogens

    • According to evolutionary medicine, virulence increases with horizontal transmission (between non-relatives) and decreases with vertical transmission (from parent to child).
    • This might induce faster host death, and act against the parasite's fitness by reducing probability to encounter another host (killing the host too fast to allow for transmission).

  • Plant Viruses

    • When plant viruses are transferred between different plants, this is known as horizontal transmission; when they are inherited from a parent, this is called vertical transmission.

  • Regulating Virulence

    • According to evolutionary medicine, optimal virulence increases with horizontal transmission (between non-relatives) and decreases with vertical transmission (from parent to child).
    • This is because the fitness of the host is bound to the fitness in vertical transmission but is not so bound in horizontal transmission.The pathogen population can evolve once it is in the host .
    • Short-sighted evolution hypothesis suggests that the traits that increase reproduction rate and transmission to a new host will rise to high frequency within the pathogen population.
    • If the pathogen's virulence kills the host and interferes with its own transmission to a new host, virulence will be selected against.
    • But as long as transmission continues despite the virulence, virulent pathogens will have the advantage.

  • Portals of Exit

    • Transmission is the passing of a communicable disease from an infected host individual or group to a conspecific individual or group by one or more of the following means: droplet contact, direct physical contact, indirect physical contact, airborne transmission, and fecal-oral transmission.
    • Transmission can also be indirect, via another organism.
    • The first is horizontal disease transmission – from one individual to another in the same generation by either direct contact, or indirect contact air, such as via a cough or sneeze.
    • The second is vertical disease transmission – passing a disease causing agent vertically from parent to offspring, such as through perinatal transmission.
    • Direct fecal-oral transmission is rare for humans at least.

  • Horizontal Gene Transfer

    • Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is the passing of genetic material between species by mechanisms other than from parent to offspring.
    • Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is the introduction of genetic material from one species to another species by mechanisms other than the vertical transmission from parent(s) to offspring.
    • Horizontal gene transfer is the introduction of genetic material from one species to another species by mechanisms other than the vertical transmission from parent(s) to offspring.
    • Examples of mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer are listed for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms.
    • Explain how horizontal gene transfer can make resolution of phylogenies difficult

  • The Existence of Inverse Functions and the Horizontal Line Test

    • Recognize whether a function has an inverse by using the horizontal line test

  • Chain of Transmission

    • The most important and frequent mode of transmission of nosocomial infections is by direct contact.
    • The most important and frequent mode of transmission of nosocomial infections is by direct contact.
    • Vector borne transmission occurs when vectors such as mosquitoes, flies, rats, and other vermin transmit microorganisms.
    • Contact transmission is divided into two subgroups: direct-contact transmission and indirect-contact transmission.
    • Differentiate between the various types of transmission: air-borne, common vehicle, vector borne, direct and indirect contact transmission

  • Horizontal Communication

    • Horizontal communication is the flow of messages across individuals and groups on the same level of an organization.
    • Horizontal communication does not involve relaying information up or down across levels.
    • Some barriers to horizontal communication are differences in style, personality, or roles amongst co-workers.
    • Lingering expectations from the old system can significantly inhibit the implementation of horizontal communication.
    • Horizontal communication refers to any communication between employees at the same level of an organization