urban open space

Examples of urban open space in the following topics:

• The Structure of Cities

  • Urban structure can also refer to urban spatial structure; the arrangement of public and private space in cities and the degree of connectivity and accessibility.
  • In this context, urban structure is concerned with the arrangement of the CBD, industrial and residential areas, and open space.
  • Urban open spaces provide citizens with recreational, ecological, aesthetic value.
  • Urban open spaces offer a reprieve from the urban environment and can add ecological value, making citizens more aware of their natural surroundings and providing nature to promote biodiversity.
  • Open spaces offer aesthetic value for citizens who enjoy nature, cultural value by providing space for concerts or art shows, and functional value—for example, by helping to control runoff and prevent flooding.

• Social Interaction in Urban Areas

  • Contact with the hypothetical person that Georg Simmel calls "the stranger" changes the way urban dwellers think about intimacy, personal space, and casual interactions.
  • Contact with the hypothetical person that Georg Simmel calls "the stranger" changes the way urban dwellers think about intimacy, personal space, and casual interactions.
  • Urban anthropology is an anthropological subfield primarily concerned with urbanization, poverty, and the consequences of neoliberalism, or the contemporary political movement that advocates economic liberalization, free trade, free movement, and open markets.
  • Despite the relatively recent ascent of urban sociology, sociologists have long studied the sociological implications of space.
  • This second set of questions is taken up by urban planners, architects, and, in the social sciences, by individuals who study the sociology of architecture and the sociology of space.

• Suburbanization

  • Sudden and extreme relocation out of urban areas into the suburbs is one of the many causes of urban sprawl, as suburbs grow to accommodate the increasingly large population.
  • Push factors are those that push people out of their original homes in urban areas into suburban areas.
  • Pull factors for suburbanization at the turn of the century included more open spaces, the perception of being closer to nature, and lower suburban house prices and property taxes in comparison to cities.
  • This movement is thought to have exacerbated urban decline in cities.
  • As residential wealth and corporations continue to leave urban zones in favor of suburban areas, the risk of urban decline increases.

• Sociological Perspectives on Urban Life

  • Urban sociology is the study of social life and interactions in urban areas, using methods ranging from statistical analysis to ethnography.
  • The Chicago School of Sociology is widely credited with institutionalizing urban sociology as a disciplinary sub-field through pioneering studies of urban spaces and social interactions .
  • Furthermore, unlike many other metropolitan areas, Chicago did not expand outward at the edges as predicted by early expansionist theorists, but instead reformatted the space available in a concentric ring pattern.
  • Urban ecology has remained an influential theory in both urban sociology and urban anthropology over time.
  • The theory is essentially an extended metaphor that helps to explain how conflicting subgroups exist in shared urban spaces and systems.

• The Potential of Urban Revitalization

  • Urban revitalization is hailed by many as a solution to the problems of urban decline by, as the term suggests, revitalizing decaying urban areas.
  • Urban revitalization is closely related to processes of urban renewal, or programs of land redevelopment in areas of moderate- to high-density urban land use.
  • Urban revitalization certainly provides potential for future urban growth, though the story of successes and failures remains mixed so far.
  • Urban renewal can have many positive effects.
  • It can also improve cultural and social amenities, through the construction of public spaces and community centers, and can improve safety.

• The Impact of the Office Environment on Employee Communication

  • Small meeting space – An open or semi-open space for two to four persons, suitable for short, informal interaction
  • Large meeting space – An open or semi-open space for five to twelve people, suitable for short, informal interaction
  • Storage space – An open or enclosed space for storing commonly used office supplies
  • Mail area – An open or semi-open space where employees can pick up or deliver mail or packages
  • Locker area – An open or semi-open space where employees can store their personal belongings

• Urban Decline

  • After facing economic hardship and seeing the decline of local infrastructure and resources, San Antonia created official districts with self-governing neighborhood associations, and redeveloped urban space to create neighborhood centers.
  • But what causes urban decay?
  • In some ways, urban decline is an inevitable result of urbanity itself.
  • Economic decline tends to lead to urban decline.
  • The current response to urban decay has been positive public policy and urban design using the principles of New Urbanism.

• Personal Space

  • An example of the cultural determination of personal space is how urbanites accept the psychological discomfort of someone intruding upon their personal space more readily than someone unused to urban life.
  • Most people value their personal space and feel discomfort, anger, or anxiety when that space is encroached.
  • Permitting a person to enter personal space and entering somebody else's personal space are indicators of how the two people view their relationship.
  • Moreover, individual sense of space has changed historically as the notions of boundaries between public and private spaces have evolved over time.
  • However, in modern society, particularly in crowded urban communities, it is sometimes difficult to maintain personal space; for example, in a crowded train.

• Architecture in the Hellenistic Period

  • Dynastic families patronized large complexes and dramatic urban plans within their cities.
  • These urban plans often focused on the natural setting, and were intended to enhance views and create dramatic civic, judicial, and market spaces that differed from the orthogonal plans of the houses that surrounded them.
  • A stoa, or a covered walkway or portico, was used to bind agorae and other public spaces.
  • Highlighting the edge of open areas with such decorative architecture created a theatrical effect for the public space and also provided citizens with a basic daily form of protection from the elements.
  • The building plan also played with theatricality and drama, forcing its visitors through a dark interior and then opening up into a bright and open courtyard that did not have a roof.

• Industrial Cities

  • Upton Sinclair's The Jungle chronicles the dangerous living conditions endured by immigrant factory workers in the early-1900s, a period of rapid urbanization in the U.S.
  • The growth of modern industry from the late 18th century onward led to massive urbanization and the rise of new, great cities, first in Europe, and then in other regions, as new opportunities brought huge numbers of migrants from rural communities into urban areas.
  • Rapid growth brought urban problems, and industrial-era cities were rife with dangers to health and safety.
  • These homes often shared toilet facilities, had open sewers, and were prone to epidemics exacerbated by persistent dampness.
  • In the 19th century, health conditions improved with better sanitation, but urban people, especially small children, continued to die from diseases spreading through the cramped living conditions.