Human Ecology

Examples of Human Ecology in the following topics:

• Theoretical Perspectives on Childhood Socialization

  • Freud believed that sexual drive, or libido, was the driving force of all human behavior and, accordingly, developed a psychosexual theory of human development.
  • In 1979, psychologist Urie Bronfenbrenner published The Ecology of Human Development, setting forth his theory known as ecological systems theory.
  • Also called development in context theory or human ecology theory, the ecology systems theory specifies five different types of nested environmental systems: the microsystem, the mesosystem, the exosystem, the macrosystem, and the chronosystem.

• Introduction to Ecology

  • Ecology is the study of organisms, populations, and communities as they relate to one another and interact in the ecosystems they comprise.
  • Ecology is the study of the interactions of living organisms with their environment.
  • There are many practical applications of ecology in conservation biology, wetland management, natural resource management (agroecology, agriculture, forestry, agroforestry, fisheries), city planning (urban ecology), community health, economics, basic and applied science, and human social interaction (human ecology).

• Organismal Ecology and Population Ecology

  • Mathematical models can be used to understand how wildfire suppression by humans has led to the decline of this important plant for the Karner blue butterfly.

• Ecology, Epidemiology, and Evolution of Pathogens

  • In addition, human activity is involved with many emerging infectious diseases, such as environmental change enabling a parasite to occupy new niches.
  • Diseases transferred from nonhuman to human hosts are known as zoonoses.
  • Several human activities have led to the emergence and spread of new diseases, such as encroachment on wildlife habitats, changes in agriculture, the destruction of rain forests, uncontrolled urbanization, modern transport.

• Community Ecology and Ecosystem Ecology

• Defining Microbes

  • Most importantly, these organisms are vital to humans and the environment, as they participate in the Earth's element cycles such as the carbon cycle and the nitrogen cycle.
  • However, pathogenic microbes are harmful, since they invade and grow within other organisms, causing diseases that kill humans, animals, and plants.

• Nongenetic Categories for Medicine and Ecology

  • Each pathogenic species has a characteristic spectrum of interactions with its human hosts.
  • These orders span viruses with varying host ranges, only some of which infect human hosts.
  • Other organisms invariably cause disease in humans, such as obligate intracellular parasites that are able to grow and reproduce only within the cells of other organisms.

• How to Reference Different Types of Sources in Footnotes

  • Andrew Byrd, "The Resurgence of the Meerkat," Southern African Ecology 32, no. 1 (2009): 221.
  • Andrew Byrd, "The Meerkats Have All Gone Away," African Ecology Online 18, no. 2 (2006): 169, accessed October 31, 2015, http://www.afrecoonline.org/byrd1.htm.

• Sociological Perspectives on Urban Life

  • Urban sociology is the sociological study of life and human interaction in metropolitan areas.
  • The Chicago School sought to provide subjective meaning to how humans interact under structural, cultural and social conditions.

• Extremophiles and Biofilms

  • They also colonize household surfaces, such as kitchen counters, cutting boards, sinks, and toilets, as well as places on the human body, such as the surfaces of our teeth.