Two-Factor Theory

Examples of Two-Factor Theory in the following topics:

• Schachter–Singer Theory of Emotion (Two-Factor Theory)

  • The Schachter–Singer theory views emotion as the result of the interaction between two factors: physiological arousal and cognition.
  • Like the James–Lange and Cannon–Bard theories, the Schachter–Singer theory of emotion (also known as the two-factor theory) attempts to explain emotion as it relates to physiological arousal.
  • According to the Schacter–Singer theory, emotion results from the interaction between two factors: physiological arousal and cognition.
  • The Schachter–Singer theory views emotion as resulting from the interaction of two factors: physiological arousal and cognition.
  • Describe the relationship between the "two factors" of two-factor theory, also known as Schachter–Singer theory

• Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory

  • Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory states that certain factors cause job satisfaction and other factors cause dissatisfaction.
  • Frederick Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory, also known as Motivation-Hygiene Theory or intrinsic vs. extrinsic motivation, concludes that there are certain factors in the workplace that can cause job satisfaction and a separate set of factors that can cause dissatisfaction.
  • Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory, McClelland's Need Theory, and Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs all talk about higher-level psychological needs such as achievement, recognition, responsibility, and advancement.
  • The key factor that differentiates Two-Factor Theory is the idea of expectation.
  • Analyze Frederick Herzberg's perspective on motivating employees through his Two-Factor Theory (also known as Motivation-Hygiene Theory)

• Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory

  • The Two-factor theory indicates that one set of factors at work cause job satisfaction, while another set of factors cause dissatisfaction.
  • The Two-factor theory (also known as Herzberg's motivation-hygiene theory and Dual-Factor Theory) states that certain factors in the workplace cause job satisfaction, while a separate set of factors cause dissatisfaction.
  • This appears to parallel Maslow's theory of a need hierarchy.
  • However, Herzberg added a new dimension to this theory by proposing a two-factor model of motivation, based on the notion that the presence of one set of job characteristics or incentives leads to worker satisfaction at work, while another and separate set of job characteristics leads to dissatisfaction at work.
  • The two-factor theory was developed from data collected by Herzberg from interviews with 203 American accountants and engineers in Pittsburgh, chosen because of their professions' growing importance in the business world.

• Classical Theory of Motivation

  • The classical theory of motivation includes the hierarchy of needs from Abraham Maslow and the two-factor theory from Frederick Herzberg.
  • Maslow and the two-factor theory from Frederick Irving Herzberg.
  • After securing those two levels, the motives shift in the social sphere, which form the third stage.
  • Frederick Herzberg's two-factor theory, a.k.a. intrinsic/extrinsic motivation, concludes that certain factors in the workplace result in job satisfaction, but if absent, they don't lead to dissatisfaction but rather to no satisfaction at all.
  • The factors that motivate people can change over their lifetime, but "respect for me as a person" is one of the top motivating factors at any stage of life.

• Perspectives on Motivation

  • Theories of motivation are of course rooted in psychology.
  • Various theories have attempted to identify the factors that contribute to effective employee motivation, most of which are easily divided into four broad categories:
  • Maslow postulated that needs should be fulfilled in a particular scaffolded order, with food, water, and shelter in the bottom, most fundamental two tiers and intangible needs such as fulfillment, self-esteem, and a sense of belonging in the upper three tiers.
  • There are two main cognition-oriented theories: equity theory and expectancy theory.
  • Frederick Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory is the most well known of the job-oriented theories, despite the fact that it has not been supported by empirical evidence.

• External Sources of Social Change

  • Social change is influenced by random as well as systematic factors, such as government, available resources, and natural environment.
  • Basically, social change comes from two sources.
  • One source is random or unique factors such as climate, weather, or the presence of specific groups of people.
  • Another source is systematic factors, such as government, available resources, and the social organization of society.
  • On the whole, social change is usually a combination of systematic factors along with some random or unique factors.

• Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology

  • A theory is a proposed relationship between two or more concepts.
  • While a number of factors that contribute to this decline, one of the prominent factors is the increased consumption of television as a form of entertainment.
  • Putnam's theory proposes a relationship between two or more concepts.
  • At this point, Durkheim's analysis was still in the data stage; he had not proposed an explanation for the different suicide rates of the two groups.
  • While Durkheim's findings have since been criticized, his study is a classic example of the use of theory to explain the relationship between two concepts.

• Introduction

  • A theory is a proposed relationship between two or more concepts.
  • While there are a number of factors that contribute to this decline (Putnam's theory is quite complex), one of the prominent factors is the increased consumption of television as a form entertainment.
  • This element of Putnam's theory clearly illustrates the basic purpose of sociological theory: it proposes a relationship between two or more concepts.
  • In the theory proposed above, the astute reader will notice that the theory includes two components: The data, in this case the findings that civic engagement has declined and TV watching has increased, and the proposed relationship, that the increase in television viewing has contributed to the decline in civic engagement.
  • While Durkheim's findings have since been criticized, his study is a classic example of the use of theory to explain the relationship between two concepts.

• Arbitrage Pricing Theory

  • The Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT) is a linear relationship between systemic factors and the return of an asset.
  • Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT) is a model for asset pricing that was proposed by Stephen Ross in 1976.
  • where r is the return, a is a constant, each F is a systematic factor, each b is the sensitivity of the asset to the factor (factor loading), and epsilon is an error term that captures idiosyncratic random shocks (with a mean value of zero).
  • One of the most important aspects of APT is that, like CAPM, the relationship between each factor and the return is linear.
  • Unlike CAPM, however, APT allows for there to be multiple factors that explain the return .

• Theory and Practice

  • While there are a number of factors that contribute to this decline (Putnam's theory is quite complex), one of the prominent factors is the increased consumption of television as a form of entertainment.
  • Putnam's theory proposes:
  • This element of Putnam's theory clearly illustrates the basic purpose of sociological theory: it proposes a relationship between two or more concepts.
  • A theory is a proposed explanation of the relationship between two or more concepts, or an explanation for how/why a phenomenon occurs.
  • A response to this problem was developed by two sociologists, Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss, called grounded theory method; it is a systematic methodology in the social sciences involving the discovery of theory through the analysis of data.