Treaty of Alliance

Examples of Treaty of Alliance in the following topics:

• Across the Atlantic: France and Britain

  • The Treaty of Alliance was a defense treaty formed in the American Revolution that promised French support to the United States.
  • The Treaty of Alliance with France was a defensive agreement between France and the United States, as shown in .
  • This reluctance to send military aid to the Americans, however, changed with Washington's defeat of Britain at the Battle of Saratoga in 1777: when France re-initiated negotiations with the United States for a formal alliance that resulted in both the Treaty of Amity and Commerce and the Treaty of Alliance.
  • The treaty outlined the terms and conditions of this military alliance and established requirements for the signing of future peace treaties to end hostilities with the British.
  • Summarize the circumstances surrounding the signing of the treaty of alliance between France and the United States

• France and Spain in the Revolutionary War

  • Following the 1778 Treaty of Alliance, France openly provided arms and funding to the Americans and engaged in full-scale war with Britain.
  • Following this victory, King Louis XVI immediately negotiated an alliance with Benjamin Franklin.
  • France formally recognized the United States on February 6, 1778, with the Treaty of Alliance.
  • On April 12, 1779, France and Spain signed the Treaty of Aranjuez.
  • Under the terms of the treaty, France agreed to aid in the capture of Gibraltar, the Floridas, and the island of Minorca in return for Spain’s agreement to join in France’s war against Great Britain.

• Washington's Farewell

  • Washington pointed to two treaties acquired by his administration—Jay's Treaty and Pinckney's Treaty—as models of the benefits of unity.
  • These treaties established the borders of the United States' southern and western territories and secured the rights of western farmers to ship goods along the Mississippi River to New Orleans.
  • Drawing on the bitter divide between Federalists and Democratic-Republicans that occurred during the conflict between Britain and France, Washington defended his Proclamation of Neutrality, which kept the United States from entering the revolutionary wars on the side of France, despite the Treaty of Alliance of the 1770s.
  • Washington argued that permanent entanglements, such as the Treaty of Alliance, created unreasonable attachments to—and animosities toward—nations that eventually would render governments impotent in determining the course of their own foreign policies.
  • Although temporary foreign alliances might be necessary in times of extreme danger, Washington believed that permanent entanglements would only draw the United States into wars that had no justification and no purpose beyond simply defending other favored nations.

• Jay's Treaty

  • The Treaty of Alliance was a defensive pact formed between France and the United States in 1778 (in the midst of the American Revolutionary War) that promised U.S. military support for France, indefinitely into the future, in case of attack by British forces.
  • The terms of the treaty were designed primarily by Secretary of the Treasury, Alexander Hamilton, and negotiated by John Jay, all with the support of President Washington.
  • The map shows major territorial concessions following the Treaty of Paris.
  • Disputes arising over the failure of British troops to leave some of the territories ceded by the British in the Treaty of Paris, as well as British instigation of conflicts between Native Americans and the newly established United States, ultimately contributed to the need for Jay's Treaty in 1796.
  • Describe the role Jay's Treaty played in the political disputes of the early republic

• The Diplomatic Revolution

  • Maria Theresa of Austria had signed the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748 in order to gain time to rebuild her military forces and forge new alliances.
  • In response to the Westminster Convention, Louis XV’s ministers and Kaunitz concluded the First Treaty of Versailles (1756).
  • One year after the signing of the First Treaty of Versailles, France and Austria signed a new offensive alliance, the Second Treaty of Versailles (1757).
  • This map shows Europe in the years after the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle 1748 and the Seven Years' War (1756-1763).
  • Although the War of Austrian Succession concluded with the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748), nearly all major powers involved were not satisfied with its outcome.

• Attempts at Disarmament

  • Additionally, all the major powers, except the U.S., committed to disarmament in both the Treaty of Versailles and the Covenant of the League of Nations.
  • The conference resulted in three major treaties: Four-Power Treaty, Five-Power Treaty (more commonly known as the Washington Naval Treaty), and the Nine-Power Treaty.
  • The treaties were also registered in the League of Nations Treaty Series on the same day.
  • Germany formally recognized its new western borders acted by the Treaty of Versailles.
  • These essentially reaffirmed existing treaties of alliance concluded by France with Poland on 19 February 1921 and with Czechoslovakia on 25 January 1924.

• Pinckney's Treaty

  • Pinckney's Treaty between Spain and the United States defined the boundaries of the Spanish colonies of West and East Florida.
  • Pinckney's Treaty, also known as the Treaty of San Lorenzo or the Treaty of Madrid, was signed on October 27, 1795, and established formal intentions of amity between the United States and Spain.
  • Among other things, the treaty ended the first phase of the West Florida Controversy, a dispute between the two nations over the boundaries of the Spanish colony of West Florida.
  • The Spanish acquired Florida and the southern coast along the Gulf of Mexico in the Treaty of Paris in 1783.
  • Rather, their growing fear of an alliance between the United States and the British—prompted by the signing of Jay's Treaty in 1794—spurred Spain to negotiate with the United States.

• North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

  • The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is an intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed on April 4, 1949.
  • This treaty, and the Soviet Berlin Blockade, led to the creation of the Western European Union's Defense Organization in September 1948.
  • It included the five Treaty of Brussels states plus the United States, Canada, Portugal, Italy, Norway, Denmark and Iceland.
  • This Treaty formally created NATO.
  • During the Cold War, most of Europe was divided between two alliances.

• William of Orange and the Grand Alliance

  • In 1700, the two rulers agreed to the Second Partition Treaty (Treaty of London), under which the territories in Italy would pass to a son of the King of France and the other Spanish territories would be inherited by a son of the Holy Roman Emperor.
  • Even after the formation of the Grand Alliance the French King continued to antagonize his European rivals.
  • Securing the Protestant succession was soon recognized by the Grand Alliance as one of England's main war aims.
  • By the terms of the Treaty of Utrecht (1713) and of the Treaty of Rastatt (1714), the Spanish empire was partitioned between the major and minor powers.
  • Explain William's stake in the War of the Spanish Succession and the goals of the Grand Alliance.

• The Treaty of Fort Stanwix

  • The Treaty of Fort Stanwix was one of several treaties signed between Native Americans and the United States after the American Revolution.
  • The treaty served as a peace treaty between the Iroquois and the Americans, since the Natives had been ignored in the Treaty of Paris.
  • In this treaty, the Iroquois Confederacy ceded all claims to the Ohio territory, a strip of land along the Niagara river, and all land west of the mouth of Buffalo creek.
  • 1786 Treaty of Fort Finney with Shawnee leaders for portions of Ohio
  • 1797 Treaty of Big Tree with the Iroquois for lands in New York State west of the Genesee River