Transfer of Power

Examples of Transfer of Power in the following topics:

• What is Power?

  • Power implies that energy is transferred, perhaps changing form.
  • But the power plant consumes chemical energy at a rate of about 2,500 MW, creating heat transfer to the surroundings at a rate of 1,500 MW .
  • Tremendous amounts of electric power are generated by coal-fired power plants such as this one in China, but an even larger amount of power goes into heat transfer to the surroundings.
  • The transfer of heat is not unique to coal plants but is an unavoidable consequence of generating electric power from any fuel—nuclear, coal, oil, natural gas, or the like.
  • Relate power to the transfer, use, and transformation of different types of energy

• Population Transfer

  • Population transfer is the movement of a large group of people from one region to another by state policy or international authority.
  • The feasibility of population transfers was hugely increased by the creation of railroad networks in the mid-19th century.
  • There is now little debate about the general legal status of involuntary population transfers, as forced population transfers are now considered violations of international law.
  • Individual or mass forcible transfers, as well as deportations of protected persons from occupied territory to the territory of the Occupying Power or to that of any other country, occupied or not, are prohibited, regardless of their motive. ...
  • The Occupying Power shall not deport or transfer parts of its own civilian population into the territory it occupies.

• Distribution Effects of Inflation

  • Unexpectedly high inflation tends to transfer wealth from creditors to debtors and from the rich to the poor.
  • If the inflation rate unexpectedly jumps to 8% after the loan is made, however, then the creditor is essentially transferring purchasing power to the borrower.
  • Since it benefits debtors and hurts creditors, in practice unexpected inflation is often a transfer of wealth from the rich to the poor .
  • The lower purchasing power of money erodes the value of currency, and inflation reduces the real interest rate earned on bonds.
  • Part of the reason that lenders charge interest is to recoup the cost of inflation over time.

• Convection

  • Example: Calculating Heat Transfer by Convection: Convection of Air Through the Walls of a House.
  • The rate of heat transfer is then Q/t, where t is the time for air turnover.
  • Since air is turned over in $t=0.500h=1800s$, the heat transferred per unit time is $frac{Q}{t}=\frac{8.36\times 10^{6} \ J}{1800 \ s}=4.64 \ kW$This rate of heat transfer is equal to the power consumed by about forty-six 100-W light bulbs.
  • Thus, an overall transfer of heat from the ocean to the atmosphere occurs.
  • This process is the driving power behind thunderheads—great cumulus clouds that rise as much as 20.0 km into the stratosphere.

• Heat and Work

  • When energy is exchanged between thermodynamic systems by thermal interaction, the transfer of energy is called heat.
  • For example, when heat transfers from the hot water at the bottom of the pot to the cooler water at the top of the pot.
  • Work is the transfer of energy by any process other than heat.
  • Scientists and engineers have been able to exploit the principles of thermochemistry to develop technologies ranging from hot/cold packs to gasoline powered combustion engines.
  • This means that the total energy within a system is affected by the sum of two possible energy transfers: heat and work.

• Employee Transfers

  • Evaluating and executing employee transfers is an essential function of human resources management.
  • Types of employee transfers include: strategic transfers, necessity transfers, and talent/management transfers.
  • A strategic transfer may take place when an organization is trying to grow a specific segment of its business.
  • A necessity transfer may take place when there is a demand for employees in a department of the organization where a specific skill set is scarce.
  • This may happen because of layoffs, a change in company strategy, or a scarcity of a certain type of employee.

• Orbital Maneuvers

  • The rest of the flight, especially in a transfer orbit, is called coasting.
  • The vehicle is able to employ this kinetic energy to generate more mechanical power.
  • The Hohmann transfer orbit is an elliptical orbit used to transfer between two circular orbits of different altitudes in the same plane.
  • Hohmann transfer orbits are the most efficient with fuel.
  • Other non-Hohmann types of transfer orbits that are less efficient with fuel exist, but these may be more efficient with other resources (such as time).

• Radiation

  • The rate of heat transfer by radiation is largely determined by the color of the object.
  • The rate of heat transfer by emitted radiation is determined by the Stefan-Boltzmann law of radiation:
  • The radiation rate is directly proportional to the fourth power of the absolute temperature—a remarkably strong temperature dependence.
  • The net rate of heat transfer by radiation (absorption minus emission) is related to both the temperature of the object and that of its surroundings.
  • Most of the heat transfer from this fire to the observers is through infrared radiation.

• The First Law of Thermodynamics

  • The first law of thermodynamics states that energy can be transferred or transformed, but cannot be created or destroyed.
  • Thermodynamics is the study of heat energy and other types of energy, such as work, and the various ways energy is transferred within chemical systems.
  • The transfers and transformations of energy take place around us all the time.
  • Shown are two examples of energy being transferred from one system to another and transformed from one form to another.
  • The powerful chemical reaction propelling the rocket lets off tremendous heat to the surroundings and does work on the surroundings (the rocket) as well.

• Intensity

  • Sound Intensity is the power per unit area carried by a wave.
  • Power is the rate that energy is transferred by a wave.
  • Sound Intensity is the power per unit area carried by a wave .
  • Power is the rate that energy is transferred by a wave.
  • Graphs of the gauge pressures in two sound waves of different intensities.