The Treatise on Tolerance

(noun)

A work by French philosopher Voltaire, published in 1763, in which he calls for tolerance between religions, and targets religious fanaticism, especially that of the Jesuits (under whom Voltaire received his early education), indicting all superstitions surrounding religions.

Related Terms

Examples of The Treatise on Tolerance in the following topics:

  • Voltaire

    • From early on, he had trouble with the authorities for critiques of the government.
    • He mainly argued for religious tolerance and freedom of thought.
    • Voltaire's first major philosophical work in his battle against "l'infâme" was The Treatise on Tolerance (1763), in which he calls for tolerance between religions and targets religious fanaticism, especially that of the Jesuits, indicting all superstitions surrounding religions.
    • At the same time, he espouses deism, tolerance, and freedom of the press.
    • The Ancien Régime involved an unfair balance of power and taxes between the three Estates: clergy and nobles on one side, the commoners and middle class, who were burdened with most of the taxes, on the other.

  • Clonal Selection and Tolerance

    • The concept of central tolerance was proposed in 1959 as part of a general theory of immunity and tolerance.
    • It was hypothesized that it is the age of the lymphocyte that defines whether an antigen that is encountered will induce tolerance, with immature lymphocytes being tolerance sensitive.
    • Central tolerance is distinct from periphery tolerance in that it occurs while cells are still present in the primary lymphoid organs (thymus and bone-marrow), prior to export into the periphery.
    • Peripheral tolerance is generated after the cells reach the periphery.
    • However, they exert their immune suppression in the periphery on other self (or foreign)-reactive T cells.

  • John Locke

    • Two Treatises of Government, Locke's most important and influential work on political theory, was first published anonymously in 1689.
    • It is divided into the First Treatise and the Second Treatise.
    • The First Treatise is focused on the refutation of Sir Robert Filmer, in particular his Patriarcha, which argued that civil society was founded on a divinely sanctioned patriarchalism.
    • The Second Treatise outlines a theory of civil society.
    • Unlike Hobbes, Locke believed that human nature is characterized by reason and tolerance.

  • Biofilms, Persisters, and Antibiotic Tolerance

    • They live on solid surfaces (e.g., catheters, ) and the extracellular material they produce protects them from external threats, such as attacks by the body's immune cells.
    • Bacterial populations that produce persister cells that neither grow nor die in the presence of microbicidal antibiotics are largely responsible for high levels of biofilm tolerance to antimicrobials.
    • Persisters are not mutants, but rather phenotypic variants of the wild-type that upon inoculation produce a culture with similar levels of tolerance.
    • Biofilms and persisters are the cause of multidrug tolerance.
    • Explain the role of biofilms and persisters in multidrug tolerance, distinguishing this from multidrug resistance

  • The American Enlightenment

    • Politically, the age is distinguished by an emphasis on liberty, democracy, republicanism, and religious tolerance—culminating in the writings of Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson and the drafting of the United States Declaration of Independence.
    • For these philosophers, an acceptable alternative was Deism, the philosophical belief in a deity based on reason rather than on religious revelation or dogma.
    • Drawing on the principles of Deism and the Enlightenment's aversion to established faiths, James Madison later enshrined religious tolerance as a fundamental American right in the United States Bill of Rights.
    • Locke's Two Treatises of Government (1691) challenged the principle that hierarchical, monarchical systems of government originated from God's divine law.
    • Thomas Paine's Common Sense, published at the outset of the American Revolution, drew heavily on the theories of Locke and is largely considered one of the most virulent attacks on political despotism.

  • The Bill of Rights

    • To some degree, the Bill of Rights incorporated the ideas of John Locke, who argued in his 1689 work, Two Treatises of Government, that civil society was created for the protection of property .
    • Unlike Thomas Hobbes, Locke believed that human nature is characterized by reason and tolerance.
    • Madison's proposal was reworked and adopted as seventeen amendments by the House of Representatives on August 21, 1789, and forwarded to the Senate on August 24.
    • The two versions went to the Joint Committee and the Senate's version became the one adopted by joint resolution of Congress on September 25, 1789, to be forwarded to the states on September 28.
    • Author of Two Treatises of Government (1689) which argued that civil society was created for the protection of property.

  • Deism

    • According to Deists, the creator rarely, if ever, either intervenes in human affairs or suspends the natural laws of the universe.
    • This idea is also known as the clockwork universe theory, in which a god designs and builds the universe but steps aside to let it run on its own.
    • Paine published a treatise that helped to popularize Deism throughout the USA and Europe.
    • "The Age of Reason—a treatise that helped to popularize Deism throughout the USA and Europe.
    • Though the influence of Deism on Jefferson's thought is debated, some of his writings on religion contain Deist ideas.

  • Regulating Immune Tolerance

    • Processed antigens displayed on APCs are detected by T cells in the MALT and at various mucosal induction sites, such as the tonsils, adenoids, appendix, or the mesenteric lymph nodes of the intestine.
    • The primary mechanism for developing immune tolerance to self-antigens occurs during the selection for weakly, self-binding cells during T and B lymphocyte maturation.
    • Immune tolerance is especially well developed in the mucosa of the upper digestive system because of the tremendous number of foreign substances (such as food proteins) that APCs of the oral cavity, pharynx, and gastrointestinal mucosa encounter.
    • The combined result of Treg cells is to prevent immunologic activation and inflammation in undesired tissue compartments, allowing the immune system to focus on hazardous pathogens instead.
    • The pocket contains antigen-presenting cells, such as dendritic cells, which engulf the antigens, then present them with MHC II molecules on the cell surface.

  • Comparative Psychology

    • The earliest works on "the social organization of ants" and "animal communication and psychology" were written by al-Jahiz, a 9th-century Afro-Arab scholar who wrote many works on these subjects.
    • The 11th-century Arabic writer Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) wrote the Treatise on the Influence of Melodies on the Souls of Animals, an early work dealing with the effects of music on animals.
    • In the treatise, he demonstrates how a camel's pace can be hastened or slowed with the use of music.
    • Through the 19th century, a majority of scholars in the Western world continued to believe that music was a distinctly human phenomenon, but experiments since then have vindicated Ibn al-Haytham's view that music does indeed have an effect on animals.
    • Darwin's theory led to several hypotheses, one being that the factors that set humans apart—such as higher mental, moral, and spiritual faculties—could be accounted for by evolutionary principles.

  • Baron de Montesquieu

    • The Spirit of the Laws is a treatise on political theory first published anonymously by Montesquieu in 1748.
    • Yet Montesquieu's political treatise had an enormous influence on the work of many others, most notably the Founding Fathers of the United States Constitution and Alexis de Tocqueville, who applied Montesquieu's methods to a study of American society in Democracy in America.
    • The second is the view that liberty consists in being able to do whatever one wants without constraint.
    • Building on and revising a discussion in John Locke's Second Treatise of Government, Montesquieu argues that the executive, legislative, and judicial functions of government (the so-called tripartite system) should be assigned to different bodies, so that attempts by one branch of government to infringe on political liberty might be restrained by the other branches (checks and balances).
    • Montesquieu based this model on the Constitution of the Roman Republic and the British constitutional system.