Spanish influenza

Examples of Spanish influenza in the following topics:

• The Spanish Flu

  • The Spanish Flu of 1918 was a global influenza pandemic that killed millions more people than the Great War.
  • In 1918, an influenza pandemic that became known as "Spanish Flu" or "Spanish Influenza" spread across the globe.
  • The Spanish Flu was a H1N1 influenza virus, which is a subtype of Influenza A with strains that can appear in humans and animals.
  • Soldiers from Fort Riley, Kansas are ill with Spanish influenza at a hospital ward at Camp Funston in 1918, where the worldwide pandemic is hypothesized by some to have begun.
  • This woman wears a mask to help protect against contagion during the Spanish influenza epidemic.

• The Spanish Conquest

  • Although the Inca ruler was mostly cooperative in captivity, and was finally baptized, the Spanish killed him on August 29, 1533, essentially ending the potential for larger Inca attacks on Spanish forces.
  • Diseases that the population had never been exposed to, such as smallpox, diphtheria, typhus, measles, and influenza, devastated large swaths of the population within fifty years.
  • The Inca continued to revolt against totalitarian Spanish rule until the year 1572.
  • The Spanish named this vast region the Viceroyalty of Peru and set up a Spanish system of rule, which effectively suppressed any type of uprising from local communities.
  • The Spanish also enforced heavy taxes on agriculture, metals, and other fine goods.

• The End of the War

  • Additionally, somewhere between 20 and 40 million people – more than the number who died in the Great War itself – were overrun by an influenza pandemic known as “Spanish Flu” that spread throughout the world in 1918-1919.

• Coryza and Influenza

  • Although it is often confused with other influenza-like illnesses, especially the common cold, influenza is a more severe disease than the common cold.
  • The general symptoms of influenza are summarized in .
  • Typically, this vaccine includes material from two influenza A virus subtypes and one influenza B virus strain.
  • The viral particles of all influenza viruses are similar in composition.
  • Symptoms of influenza with fever and cough the most common symptoms.

• Current Epidemics

  • Influenza is an infectious disease of birds and mammals caused by RNA viruses of the family Orthomyxoviridae, the influenza viruses .
  • Although it is often confused with other influenza-like illnesses, especially the common cold, influenza is a more severe disease caused by a different type of virus.
  • Influenza viruses can be inactivated by sunlight, disinfectants and detergents.
  • Typically, this vaccine includes material from two influenza A virus subtypes and one influenza B virus strain.
  • TEM of negatively stained influenza virions, magnified approximately 100,000 times.

• Replicative Cycle of Influenza A

  • Influenza A follows the typical life cycle of most influenza virus: infection and replication are a multi-step process.
  • Influenza A follows the typical life cycle of most influenza viruses.
  • After the release of new influenza viruses, the host cell dies.
  • Host invasion and replication cycle of an influenza virus.
  • Contrast the roles of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase throughout the major stages of the replicative cycle of influenza A virus

• Spanish Rule in Mexico

• Disease in the New World

  • One of the most devastating diseases was smallpox; other deadly diseases included typhus, measles, influenza, bubonic plague, cholera, malaria, mumps, yellow fever, and pertussis (whooping cough).
  • The indigenous Americas also had a number of endemic diseases, such as tuberculosis (although once believed to have been brought from Europe, skeletal remains found in South America have since provided evidence of tuberculosis before the Spanish arrival) and an unusually virulent type of syphilis, which became rampant when brought back to the Old World.

• Attachment and Entry to the Host Cell

  • For influenza viral propagation to begin, there first must be viron attachment and entry into a host cell.
  • One of the best understood examples of virus entry into the host cell is the influenza viral infection.
  • The glycoprotein responsible for attachment on the surface of an influenza viral particle is hemagglutinin (HA).
  • A depiction of the different structures present on and in an influenza virus.
  • Explain the role of hemagglutinin in the attachment and entry processes of influenza virus

• Emergence of Viral Pathogens

  • Antigenic drift occurs in both influenza A and influenza B viruses.
  • When this happens with influenza viruses, pandemics might result.
  • Antigenic shift occurs only in influenza A because it infects more than just humans.
  • Influenza B and C principally infect humans, minimizing the chance that a reassortment will change its phenotype drastically.
  • For example, if a pig was infected with a human influenza virus and an avian influenza virus at the same time, an antigenic shift could occur, producing a new virus that had most of the genes from the human virus, but a hemagglutinin or neuraminidase from the avian virus.