Examples of sickle cell anemia in the following topics:
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- Sickle-cell disease is an autosomal recessive genetic blood disorder in which red blood cells assume a rigid sickle shape.
- Sickle-cell disease (SCD), or sickle-cell anemia, is an autosomal recessive genetic blood disorder with overdominance characterized by red blood cells that assume an abnormal, rigid, and sickle shape.
- In the United States, about 1 out of 500 African-American children born will have sickle-cell anemia.
- Sickle cell disease results in anemia and several types of crises.
- Sickle cell anemia is caused by a change in hemoglobin's primary structure
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- Also, sickle-cell anemia is most prevalent in populations of sub-Saharan African ancestry, but it is also common among Latin-American, Indian, Saudi Arab, and Mediterranean populations, such as Turkey, Greece, and Italy.
- Some diseases may also be influenced by genes that differ in frequency between groups, such as sickle-cell anemia, which occurs overwhelmingly among some black populations, although the significance in clinical medicine of race categories as a proxy for exact genotypes of individuals has been questioned.
- Taking the example of sickle-cell disease, in an emergency room, knowing the geographic origin of a patient may help a doctor doing an initial diagnosis if a patient presents with symptoms compatible with this disease.
- In the United States, screening for sickle cell anemia is done on all newborns regardless of race.
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- Diseases such as sickle cell anemia and thalassemia decrease the blood's ability to deliver oxygen to tissues and its oxygen-carrying capacity.
- In sickle cell anemia, the shape of the red blood cell is crescent-shaped, elongated, and stiffened, reducing its ability to deliver oxygen .
- Patients with thalassemia produce a high number of red blood cells, but these cells have lower-than-normal levels of hemoglobin.
- The protein inside red blood cells (a) that carries oxygen to cells and carbon dioxide to the lungs is hemoglobin (b).
- Individuals with sickle cell anemia have crescent-shaped red blood cells.
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- Human erythrocytes or red blood cells (RBCs) are the primary cellular component of blood.
- Gas exchange with tissues occurs in capillaries, which are tiny blood vessels that are only as wide as one cell.
- These cells have an average volume of about 90 fL with a surface of about 136 μm2.
- They can swell up to a sphere shape containing 150 fL, without bursting their cell membrane.
- When their shape does change, it inhibits their ability to carry oxygen or participate in gas exchange, which occurs in spherocytic (sphere shaped) anemia, or sickle-cell anemia.
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- In other words, the immune system mistakes some part of the body as a pathogen and attacks its own cells.
- In contrast to classical inherited genetic diseases, like sickle cell anemia, autoimmune diseases are not caused by the defect of a single gene, but by the dysfunction of the complex interaction of a group of genes.
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- Small changes in the amino acid sequence of a protein can cause devastating genetic diseases such as Huntington's disease or sickle cell anemia.
- Enzymes are essential for digestion: the process of breaking larger food molecules down into subunits small enough to diffuse through a cell membrane and to be used by the cell.
- Enzymes are also essential for biosynthesis: the process of making new, complex molecules from the smaller subunits that are provided to or generated by the cell.
- These proteins are secreted by endocrine cells that act to control or regulate specific physiological processes, which include growth, development, metabolism, and reproduction.
- The proteins actin and tubulin form cellular structures , while keratin forms the structural support for the dead cells that become fingernails and hair.
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- It can also be used to look for active occult blood loss in anemia or when there are gastrointestinal symptoms.
- The common causes are cancer (colorectal cancer, gastric cancer, 2-10%), adenoma or polyps (20-30%), bleeding peptic ulcer, angiodysplasia of the colon, and sickle cell anemia.
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- In sickle cell anemia, a single amino substitution in the hemoglobin β chain causes a change the structure of the entire protein.
- These dysfunctional hemoglobin proteins, under low-oxygen conditions, start associating with one another, forming long fibers made from millions of aggregated hemoglobins that distort the red blood cells into crescent or "sickle" shapes, which clog arteries .
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- Anemia is a decrease in number of red blood cells or less than the normal quantity of hemoglobin in the blood resulting in tissue hypoxia.
- Anemia is a decrease in number of red blood cells (RBCs), or less than the normal quantity of hemoglobin in the blood.
- Since all human cells depend on oxygen for survival, varying degrees of anemia can have a wide range of clinical consequences.
- In the morphological approach, anemia is classified by the size of red blood cells.
- For instance, a microcytic anemia (smaller than usual red blood cells) is often the result of iron deficiency.
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- Women who bleed heavily during menstruation have a high probability of developing iron-deficiency anemia.
- Like mature red blood cells, reticulocytes do not have a cell nucleus.
- Calculating the reticulocyte production index indicates whether or not the bone marrow is producing new blood cells at a rate that will correct the anemia, and can also be used to monitor the progress of treatment for anemia.
- When there is an increased production of red blood cells to overcome chronic or severe loss of mature red blood cells, such as in a hemolytic anemia, people often have a markedly high number and percentage of reticulocytes.
- Abnormally low numbers of reticulocytes can be attributed to chemotherapy, aplastic anemia, pernicious anemia, bone marrow malignancies, problems of erythropoietin production, various vitamin or mineral deficiencies (B9, B12, iron), disease states (anemia of chronic disease) and other causes of anemia due to poor RBC production.