secondary lymphoid organ

Examples of secondary lymphoid organ in the following topics:

• Lymphoid Tissue

  • The lymphoid tissue may be primary or secondary depending upon its stage of lymphocyte development and maturation.
  • Secondary or peripheral lymphoid organs maintain mature naive lymphocytes until an adaptive immune response is initiated.
  • Secondary lymphoid tissue provides the environment for the antigens to interact with the lymphocytes.
  • In addition to supporting B and T lymphocyte activation, other secondary lymphoid organs perform other unique functions, such as the spleen's ability to filter blood and the tonsil's ability to capture antigens in the upper respiratory tract.
  • The thymus and bone marrow are primary lymphoid tissue, while the lymph nodes, tonsils, and spleen are secondary lymphoid tissue.

• Tonsils

  • The tonsils are small masses of secondary lymphoid tissue located in the pharynx.
  • They function similarly to other types of secondary lymphoid organs and also capture antigens from respiratory tract pathogens.
  • The tonsils are made of secondary lymphoid tissue and covered with an epithelium characteristic of the part of the body where they are located.
  • The secondary lymphoid tissue within the tonsils functions like the same type of the tissue in lymph nodes.

• Development of Blood

  • Commonly known as white blood cells, they are derived from common lymphoid progenitors.
  • The lymphoid lineage is primarily composed of T-cells and B-cells.
  • When bone marrow develops, it eventually assumes the task of forming most of the blood cells for the entire organism.
  • However, maturation, activation, and some proliferation of lymphoid cells occurs in secondary lymphoid organs, such as the spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes.
  • Angiogenesis is generally responsible for colonizing individual organ systems with blood vessels, whereas vasculogenesis lays down the initial pipelines of the network.

• Cells and Organs of the Immune System

  • The immune system includes primary lymphoid organs, secondary lymphatic tissues and various cells in the innate and adaptive immune systems.
  • The key primary lymphoid organs of the immune system include the thymus and bone marrow, as well as secondary lymphatic tissues including spleen, tonsils, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, adenoids, skin, and liver.
  • The red bone marrow is a key element of the lymphatic system, being one of the primary lymphoid organs that generate lymphocytes from immature hematopoietic progenitor cells.
  • Lymphoid tissue is found in many organs, particularly the lymph nodes.
  • Recognize the cells and organs of the immune system and their functions

• Development of the Immune System

  • The old model: Lymphoid vs Myeloid ( and ).
  • This model of lymphopoiesis had the virtue of relative simplicity and agreement with nomenclature and terminology; also, it is essentially valid for the favorite lab animal, the mouse. pHSC pluripotent, self-renewing, hematopoietic stem cells give rise to MPP multipotent progenitors (these give rise to ELP, or PRO, Prolymphocytes); early lymphoid progenitors; and finally to the CLP Common lymphoid progenitor, a cell type fully committed to the lymphoid lineage. pHSC, MPP and ELP cells are not fully committed to the lymphoid lineage because if one is removed to a different location, it may differentiate into non-lymphoid progeny.
  • However, CLP are committed to the lymphoid lineage.
  • In fact, many of the infections acquired by neonates are caused by low virulence organisms like Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas.
  • There is evidence that these steroids act directly not only on the primary and secondary sexual characteristics, but also have an effect on the development and regulation of the immune system.

• Maturation of B Cells

  • Immature B cells are produced in the bone marrow and migrate to secondary lymphoid tissues where some develop into mature B cells.
  • After reaching the IgM+ immature stage in the bone marrow, these immature B cells migrate to secondary lymphoid tissues (such as the spleen, lymph nodes, Peyer's patches, etc.) where they are called transitional B cells, and some of these cells differentiate into mature B lymphocytes.
  • In the bone marrow (the central lymphoid organ), central tolerance is produced.
  • Other functions for B cells include antigen presentation, cytokine production, and lymphoid tissue organization.
  • This subsequent amplification with improved specificity of immune response is known as secondary immune response.

• Cardiovascular and Lymphatic System Defenses

  • Lymphatic organs play an important part in the immune system, having a considerable overlap with the lymphoid system.
  • Lymphoid tissue is found in many organs, particularly the lymph nodes, and in the lymphoid follicles associated with the digestive system such as the tonsils.
  • Lymphoid tissues contain lymphocytes, but they also contain other types of cells for support.
  • When micro-organisms invade the body, or the body encounters antigens (such as pollen), antigens are transported to the lymph.
  • Cancer cells may also be carried to the lymph nodes and then transported to other parts of the body where they may multiply to form a secondary growth or metastasis.

• Structure of the Lymphatic System

  • The lymphatic system consists of lymphatic vessels and associated lymphoid organs.
  • Lymphoid tissue is found in many organs including the lymph nodes, as well as in the lymphoid follicles in the pharynx such as the tonsils.
  • Lymphoid tissues contain lymphocytes (a type of highly differentiated white blood cell), but they also contain other types of cells for structural and functional support, such as the dendritic cells, which play a key role in the immune system.

• Lymphocytes

  • Helper T cells (CD4s) facilitate the organization of immune responses, and can bind to MHC class II.
  • Mature B cells leave the thymus and travel to secondary lymphoid tissue such as the lymph nodes.
  • After antigen presentation, the naive B cells migrate together to germinal centers within the lymphoid tissue, where they undergo extensive proliferation and differentiation into different types of mature B cells.

• Development of the Dual Lymphocyte System

  • During this process, all lymphocytes originate from a common lymphoid progenitor before differentiating into their distinct lymphocyte types.
  • B cells mature into B lymphocytes in the bone marrow, while T cells migrate to, and mature in, a distinct organ called the thymus.
  • Following maturation, the lymphocytes enter the circulation and peripheral lymphoid organs (e.g. the spleen and lymph nodes) where they survey for invading pathogens and/or tumor cells.
  • All lymphocytes originate during this process from a common lymphoid progenitor before differentiating into their distinct lymphocyte types.