Race Relation Cycle

Examples of Race Relation Cycle in the following topics:

• The Interactionist Perspective

  • Race and ethnicity affect the meaning we attach to each other's actions.
  • One of the most influential symbolic interactionist theorists on race and ethnic relations was Robert Park.
  • This theory served as a foundation for his influential theory of racial assimilation known as the "race relation cycle".
  • The cycle has four stages: contact, conflict, accommodation, and assimilation.
  • Park declared that it is "a cycle of events which tends everywhere to repeat itself," also seen in other social processes.

• Social Definition of Race

  • Debates continue in and among academic disciplines as to how race should be understood.
  • Following the World War II, alongside empirical and conceptual problems with "race," evolutionary and social scientists were acutely aware of how beliefs about race had been used to justify discrimination, apartheid, slavery, and genocide.
  • The social construction of race has developed within various legal, economic, and sociopolitical contexts, and may be the effect, rather than the cause of major race-related issues.
  • This map depicts the three great races, according to Meyers Konversationslexikon, of 1885-90.
  • The subtypes of the Mongoloid race are shown in yellow and orange tones, those of the Europid race in light and medium grayish green-cyan tones, and those of the Negroid race in brown tones.

• Race

  • Historically, the concept of race has changed across cultures and eras.
  • The word "race" was originally used to refer to any nation or ethnic group.
  • This era was one of European imperialism and colonization, during which new - often exploitive - political relations were established between Europeans and other cultures of the world.
  • Contemporary conceptions of race illuminate how far removed modern race understanding is from biological qualities.
  • Interpret ''the ideology of race'' based on examples from the text

• Race and Ethnicity

  • A race is a human population that is believed to be distinct in some way from other humans based on real or imagined physical differences.
  • Conceptions of race, as well as specific racial groupings, are often controversial due to their impact on social identity and how those identities influence someone's position in social hierarchies (see identity politics).Ethnicity, while related to race, refers not to physical characteristics but social traits that are shared by a human population.
  • Unlike race, ethnicity is not usually externally assigned by other individuals.

• The Functionalist Perspective

  • According to the functionalist perspective, race and ethnicity are two of the various parts of a cohesive society.
  • From this perspective, societies are seen as coherent, bounded, and fundamentally relational constructs that function like organisms, with their various parts (such as race) working together in an unconscious, quasi-automatic fashion toward achieving an overall social equilibrium.
  • Given this emphasis on equilibrium and harmony, the functionalist perspective easily allows for specific macro-analyses of more contentious power imbalances, such as race-related issues.
  • During the turbulent 1960s, functionalism was often called "consensus theory," criticized for being unable to account for social change or structural contradictions and conflict, including inequalities related to race, gender, class, and other social factors that are a source of oppression and conflict.
  • Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a functionalist approach to race

• Culture, Ethnicity, and Race

  • As society becomes more diverse, the speaker will find it useful to learn more about the cultures, races and ethnic groups in each audience.
  • Before considering the role of culture, race and ethnicity in audience analysis it is useful to distinguish among the terms.
  • Ethnicity, while related to race, refers not to physical characteristics but to social traits that are shared by a human population.
  • race is the primary determinant of human capacities (prejudice or bias)
  • a certain race is inherently superior or inferior to others (prejudice or bias)

• Skin Color in the South

  • In many Southern households, the way in which slaves were treated depended on their skin color or on their relation to white individuals in the home.
  • The belief in racial "purity" drove Southern culture's vehement prohibition of sexual relations between white women and black men, but this same culture essentially protected sexual relations between white men and black women.
  • The result was numerous mixed-race children.
  • The children of white fathers and slave mothers were mixed-race slaves whose appearance was generally classified as "mulatto," a term that initially meant a person with white and black parents, but grew to encompass any apparently mixed-race person.
  • Many mixed-race house servants were actually related to white members of the household.

• Social Construct or Biological Lineage?

  • The point being, of course, that the classifications of race in the early U.S. were socially constructed in a fashion that benefitted one race over the others.
  • Additionally, because race is self-determined and there is discrimination based on race (white are favored), Brazilians have a tendency to "self-lighten," or report their race as being lighter than an independent observer may suggest.
  • Proponents of using race in biomedical research argue that ignoring race will be detrimental to the health of minority groups.
  • There are clearly biological differences between races, though they are small and, as noted above, there is greater variation within races than between races.
  • Race and race-related issues continue to impact society.

• Short-Term Approach

  • Decisions relating to working capital are usually short-term, since it is the difference between current assets and current liabilities.
  • As a result, the decisions relating to working capital are almost always current, i.e., short term, decisions.
  • The most widely used measure of cash flow is the net operating cycle or cash conversion cycle.
  • However, shortening the cycle creates its own risks.
  • The aim of the study and calculation of the cash conversion cycle is to change the policies relating to credit purchase and credit sales.

• Calculating the Cash Flow Cycle

  • The cash flow cycle is also called cash conversion cycle (CCC).
  • There are five important intervals, referred to as conversion cycles (or conversion periods):
  • The Cash Conversion Cycle emerges as interval C→D (i.e., disbursing cash→collecting cash).
  • The operating cycle emerges as interval A→D (i.e., owing cash→collecting cash)
  • Our aim of studying cash conversion cycle and its calculation is to change the policies relating to credit purchase and credit sales.