pietra dura

Examples of pietra dura in the following topics:

• Architecture of the Mughal Period

  • It boasts the use of the pietra dura technique, with marble and even stone inlay ornamentation in geometrical and arabesque patterns on the facade of the mausoleum, and jali or latticed stone carving decoration.
  • At Agra, the tomb of Itmad-ud-Daula, completed in 1628, was built entirely of white marble and decorated in elaborate pietra dura mosaic, an inlay technique of using cut and fitted, highly polished colored stones to create images.
  • The vision of Shah Jahan (1628—1658) introduced a delicate elegance and detail to Mughal architecture, illustrated in the Jama Masjid in Delhi, the Moti Masjid situated within the Agra Fort, and the Sheesh Mahal in the Lahore Fort, which makes spectacular use of pietra dura and complex mirror work.
  • The exterior decorations of the Taj Mahal include calligraphy, abstract forms, verses from the Koran, and vegetable motifs, executed in paint, stucco, carvings, and pietra dura work.
  • This is an example of pietra dura inlay work and lattice carvings from the interior of the Taj Mahal.

• Meninges

  • In mammals, the meninges consist of three layers: the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater .
  • The dura mater is a sac that envelops the arachnoid and has been modified to serve several functions.
  • Normally, the dura mater is attached to the skull or to the bones of the vertebral canal in the spinal cord.
  • The arachnoid is attached to the dura mater, while the pia mater is attached to the central nervous system tissue.
  • A subdural hematoma is a hematoma (collection of blood) located in a separation of the arachnoid from the dura mater.

• Dura-Europos

  • Dura-Europos was an ancient city where Hellenistic, Parthian, and Roman cultures thrived in what is Syria today.
  • Dura-Europos was a Hellenistic, Parthian and Roman border city built on an escarpment above the right bank of the Euphrates river.
  • The Dura-Europos church also discovered at the site, is the earliest Christian house church, preserved by the same defensive fill that saved the synagogue.

• Body Cavity Membranes

  • In mammals, the meninges consist of three layers: the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater .
  • The dura mater is a thick, durable membrane, closest to the skull.
  • The dura mater is composed of dense fibrous tissue, and its inner surface is covered by flattened cells like those present on the surfaces of the pia mater and arachnoid mater.
  • The dura mater is a sac which envelops the arachnoid and has been modified to serve several functions.
  • The dura mater surrounds and supports the large venous channels (dural sinuses) carrying blood from the brain toward the heart.

• Early Jewish Art

  • While no figural art from first-century Roman Judea exists, the art on the Dura-Europos synagogue walls developed with no objection from the rabbis.
  • Dura-Europos, a border city between the Romans and the Parthians, was the site of an early Jewish synagogue dated by an Aramaic inscription to 244 CE.
  • Some think that this synagogue was painted in order to compete with the many other religions practiced in Dura-Europos.
  • The new (and considerably smaller) Christian church (Dura-Europos church) appears to have opened shortly before the surviving paintings were begun in the synagogue.

• Synovial Membranes

  • In mammals, the meninges consist of three layers: the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater .
  • The dura mater is a thick, durable membrane which lies closest to the skull.
  • Normally, the dura mater is attached to the skull or to the bones of the vertebral canal in the spinal cord.
  • The arachnoid is attached to the dura mater, while the pia mater is attached to the central nervous system tissue.

• Abducens (VI) Nerve

  • It runs upward between the pons and the clivus, and then pierces the dura mater to run between the dura and the skull.

• Branches of Spinal Nerves

  • The meningeal branches (recurrent meningeal or sinuvertebral nerves): These branch from the spinal nerve and re-enter the intervertebral foramen to serve the ligaments, dura, blood vessels, intervertebral discs, facet joints, and periosteum of the vertebrae.

• The Nervous System

  • The outermost layer is the dura mater (Latin for "hard mother").
  • The dura mater also contains vein-like structures that carry blood from the brain back to the heart.
  • The outermost layer of the meninges is the dura mater, which protects the brain and spinal cord.

• Early Christian Art

  • The house church at Dura-Europos is the oldest known house church.
  • The plan of the house church at Dura-Europos illustrates how house churches elsewhere were designed.