Examples of partial pressure gradient in the following topics:
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- The primary three components of external respiration are the surface area of the alveolar membrane, the partial pressure gradients of the gasses, and the matching of perfusion and ventilation.
- Partial pressure gradients (differences in partial pressure) allow the loading of oxygen into the bloodstream and the unloading of carbon dioxide out of the bloodstream.
- Oxygen has a partial pressure gradient of about 60 mmHg (100 mmHg in alveolar air and 40 mmHg in deoxygenated blood) and diffuses rapidly from the alveolar air into the capillary.
- The partial pressure gradient for carbon dioxide is much smaller compared to oxygen, being only 5 mmHg (45 mmHg in deoxygenated blood and 40 mmHg in alveolar air).
- External respiration is a result of partial pressure gradients, alveolar surface area, and ventilation and perfusion matching.
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- The factors that influence tissue gas exchange are similar to the factors of alveolar gas exchange, and include partial pressure gradients between the blood and the tissues, the blood perfusion of those tissues, and the surface areas of those tissues.
- Regarding the partial pressure gradients in systemic capillaries, they have a PaO2 of 100mmHg and a PaCO2 of 40mmHG within the capillary and a PaO2 of 40 mmHg and PaCO2 of 45 mmHg inside issue cells, which allows gas exchange to occur.
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- Henry's law states that the amount of a gas that dissolves in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas.
- In addition, the partial pressure is able to predict the tendency to dissolve simply because the gasses with higher partial pressures have more molecules and will bounce into the solution they can dissolve into more often than gasses with lower partial pressures.
- Recall that the difference in partial pressures between the bloodstream and alveoli (the partial pressure gradient) are much smaller for carbon dioxide compared to oxygen.
- Carbon dioxide has much higher solubility in the plasma of blood than oxygen (roughly 22 times greater), so more carbon dioxide molecules are able to diffuse across the small pressure gradient of the capillary and alveoli.
- Oxygen has a larger partial pressure gradient to diffuse into the bloodstream, so it's lower solubility in blood doesn't hinder it during gas exchange.
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- At high altitude there is lower air pressure compared to a lower altitude or sea-level altitude.
- Due to Boyle's law, at higher altitude the partial pressure of oxygen in the air is lower, and less oxygen is breathed in with every breath.
- The partial pressure gradients for gas exchange are also decreased, along with the percentage of oxygen saturation in hemoglobin.
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- Differences in partial pressures of O2 create a gradient that causes oxygen to move from the alveoli to the capillaries and into tissues.
- Since this pressure gradient exists, oxygen can diffuse down its pressure gradient, moving out of the alveoli and entering the blood of the capillaries where O2 binds to hemoglobin.
- Due to this gradient, CO2 diffuses down its pressure gradient, moving out of the capillaries and entering the alveoli.
- The pressure gradient drives CO2 out of tissue cells and into the capillaries.
- The partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide change as blood moves through the body.
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- The pressure for an individual gas in the mixture is the partial pressure of that gas.
- The partial pressure of any gas can be calculated by: P = (Patm) (percent content in mixture).
- The pressure of the water vapor in the lung does not change the pressure of the air, but it must be included in the partial pressure equation.
- Oxygen and carbon dioxide will flow according to their pressure gradient from high to low.
- At high altitudes, there is a decrease in Patm, causing the partial pressures to decrease as well.
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- Semipermeable membranes, also termed selectively permeable membranes or partially permeable membranes, allow certain molecules or ions to pass through by diffusion.
- Water has a concentration gradient in this system.
- Thus, water will diffuse down its concentration gradient, crossing the membrane to the side where it is less concentrated.
- This diffusion of water through the membrane—osmosis—will continue until the concentration gradient of water goes to zero or until the hydrostatic pressure of the water balances the osmotic pressure.
- Describe the process of osmosis and explain how concentration gradient affects osmosis
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- $\displaystyle \frac{\partial \rho}{\partial t} + \nabla \cdot (\rho {\bf V}) = \frac{\partial \rho'}{\partial t} + \rho_0 \nabla \cdot {\bf V}' = 0 $
- $\displaystyle \frac{\partial P'}{\partial t} + \rho_0 \left ( \frac{\partial P}{\partial \rho} \right )_s \nabla \cdot {\bf V'} = 0$
- $\displaystyle \frac{\partial ^2 P'}{\partial t^2} + \rho_0 \left ( \frac{\partial P}{\partial \rho} \right )_s \nabla \cdot \frac{\partial \bf V'}{\partial t} = 0.$
- $\displaystyle \frac{\partial ^2 P'}{\partial t^2} - \left ( \frac{\partial P}{\partial \rho} \right )_s \nabla^2 P' = 0.$
- Let's take a solution to this equation for the pressure,
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- Dalton's Law of Partial Pressure states the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressure of each individual gas.
- Dalton's Law (also called Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures) states that the total pressure exerted by the mixture of non-reactive gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of individual gases.
- where P1, P2 and Pn represent the partial pressures of each compound.
- What is the partial pressure of He?
- Our measurements demonstrate that the partial pressure of N2 as part of the gas PN2 is 0.763 atm, and the partial pressure of O2 as part of the gas PO2, is 0.215 atm.
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- Dalton's law of partial pressures states that the pressure of a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures of the individual components.
- Dalton's law states that the total pressure exerted by the mixture of inert (non-reactive) gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of individual gases in a volume of air.
- Mathematically, the pressure of a mixture of gases can be defined as the sum of the partial pressures of each of the gasses in air.
- Because gasses flow from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure, atmospheric air has higher partial pressure of oxygen than alveolar air (PO2=159mmHg compared to PAO2=100 mmHg).
- Infer from Dalton's law of partial pressure the sum of partial pressures in alveoli