Organization for European Economic Co-operation

Examples of Organization for European Economic Co-operation in the following topics:

• The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan

  • The Marshall Plan (officially the European Recovery Program) was an American initiative to aid Western Europe, in which the United States gave $13 billion in economic support to help rebuild Western European economies after the end of World War II.
  • The plan was established on June 5, 1947, and was in operation for four years beginning in April 1948.
  • A larger amount was given to the major industrial powers, as the prevailing opinion was that their resuscitation was essential for a general European revival.
  • During the four years that the plan was operational, $13 billion in economic and technical assistance was given to help the recovery of the European countries that had joined in the Organization for European Economic Co-operation.
  • By 1952, as the funding ended, the economy of every participant state had surpassed pre-war levels; for all Marshall Plan recipients, economic output in 1951 was at least 35% higher than in 1938.

• Trade

  • These organizations became operational in 1946 after enough countries ratified the agreement.
  • Currently, the Doha round of World Trade Organization negotiations aims to lower barriers to trade around the world, with a focus on making trade more favorable for so-called "developing" countries, though talks have faced a divide between "developed" countries and the major "developing" countries.
  • The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an organization that was formed in 1995 to supervise and liberalize international trade .
  • Common targets include the World Bank (WB), International Monetary Fund (IMF), the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the World Trade Organization (WTO) and free trade treaties like the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA), the Trans Pacific Trade Agreement (TPPA), the Multilateral Agreement on Investment (MAI) and the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS).
  • However, the events that occurred which fuels the movement can be traced back through the lineage of the movement of a 500-year old history of resistance against European colonialism and U.S. imperialism, in which the continent of Africa and many other areas of the world were colonized and stripped of their resources for the profit of the Western world.

• Colonialism, Decolonization, and Neo-Colonialism

  • Often, colonization is driven by a desire for economic expansion.
  • In the sixteenth century, European colonization of Africa contributed significantly to European economic development.
  • The cost of maintaining colonial empires had begun to exceed their value for the European powers.
  • First, multinational corporations (MNCs), or companies with operations in multiple countries, apply pressure for certain political behaviors to suit their own interests.
  • This function operates because of the dependency principle.

• United States in the World

  • The United States interacts with foreign nations and sets standards for its organizations, corporations and individual citizens.
  • The U.S. military operates 865 bases and facilities abroad,and maintains deployments greater than 100 active duty personnel in 25 foreign countries.
  • The United States exercises global economic, political, and military influence.
  • It is a member of the G8, G20, and Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development.
  • Critics from the left cite episodes that undercut leftist governments or showed support for Israel.

• Categories of Business Products

  • Equipment: Equipment includes products used in production activities and operational activities.
  • Equipment includes large buildings that serve as places of business for other companies.
  • Organizations including house decorators, repair services, consulting firms, restaurants, financial businesses, janitorial services, and even entertainers are types of service businesses. ( )
  • Supplies: These products facilitate both production and operations, but are not part of the final product.
  • The equivalent European Union list is the Statistical Classification of Economic Activities in the European Community (NACE).

• Principles of Organization Design

  • Organizational design is more than just an exercise in creating an organization chart as it integrates the human capital resources and the operational processes of an organization and aligns them with its vision, mission, and goals.
  • Organization design planning takes into account organizational behaviors related to communication and the channels of communication, roles and responsibilities, performance expectations, and standard operating procedures that are most appropriate within each operational subsystem.
  • This step in the process entails deciding the operational structure of an organization.
  • The classic options for strategic groupings are to organize by:
  • Each of the above options for the strategic grouping of an organization brings with them a set of inherent benefits and potential drawbacks that entail making trade offs between the differing operational options.

• Organizing Tasks

  • During the organizing process, managers co-coordinate employees, resources, policies and procedures to facilitate the goals set out in the plan.
  • The division of work is assigning responsibility for each organizational component to a specific individual or group thereof.
  • The efforts of the operatives are coordinated to allow the process at hand to function correctly.
  • Organization structure determines the input resources needed for expansion of a business activity similarly organization is essential for product diversification such as establishing a new product line.
  • Organization has to operate for the betterment of employees and must not encourage monotony of work due to higher degree of specialization.

• Antitrust Laws

  • Microsoft, through the effective strategic design and sale of their operating platform, attained a monopolistic hold on the computer industry.
  • Antitrust laws perform the critical task of ensuring that competitive environments are preserved in order to maintain an efficient and equitable capitalistic system for firms to operate in.
  • Organizations such as the World Trade Organization (WTO) attempt to garner international support for the establishment of global standards in competitive markets in conjunction with the internal competitive laws which govern each nation individually.
  • European Union (EU) - In the EU, competition law began in 1951 with the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), which included France, Italy, Belgium and the Netherlands.
  • Shortly after, in 1957, the European Economic Community (ECC) was established as a part of the Treaty of Rome.

• Organized Crime

  • Organized crime refers to transnational, national, or local groupings of highly centralized enterprises run by criminals.
  • Organized crime refers to transnational, national, or local groupings of highly centralized enterprises run by criminals for the purpose of engaging in illegal activity, most commonly for monetary profit.
  • Sometimes criminal organizations force people to do business with them, as when a gang extorts money from shopkeepers for "protection."
  • Organized crime groups operate as smaller units within the overall network, and as such tend towards valuing significant others, familiarity of social and economic environments, or tradition.
  • Focusing more on how the operations works, succeeds, sustains itself or avoids retribution, they are generally typified by: a complex authority structure; an extensive division of labor between classes and the organization; responsibilities carried out in an impersonal manner; and top-down communication and rule enforcement mechanisms.

• Inside and Outside Forces for Organizational Change

  • Examples of organizational change can include strategic, operational, and technological changes coming from inside or outside the organization.
  • Understanding key internal and external change catalysts is critical to successful change management for organizational leaders.
  • Economics - The 2008 economic collapse is a strong example of why adaptability is important.
  • Migrating from one volume to another can financially challenging, and change strategies such as creating new affordable product lines or more efficient operational paradigms are key to changing for success.
  • Employees must be trained on the change and the implications it will have for their everyday operations.