micro-trauma

Examples of micro-trauma in the following topics:

• Impacts of Exercise on Muscles

  • Muscle soreness, once thought to be due to lactic acid accumulation, has more recently been attributed to small tearing, or micro-trauma, of the muscles fibers caused by eccentric contraction.

• Peritonitis

  • Peritonitis may be localized or generalized, and may result from infection (often due to rupture of a hollow organ as may occur in abdominal trauma or appendicitis) or from a non-infectious process.
  • Other possible reasons for perforation include abdominal trauma, ingestion of a sharp foreign body (such as a fish bone, toothpick or glass shard), perforation by an endoscope or catheter, and internal leakage of a colostomy site.
  • It can result from abdominal trauma and occurs if the large bowel is perforated during surgery.
  • Disruption of the peritoneum, even in the absence of perforation of a hollow viscus, may also cause infection simply by letting micro-organisms into the peritoneal cavity.
  • Examples include trauma, surgical wound, continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, and intra-peritoneal chemotherapy.

• Micro-hydro power stations

  • Micro-hydro stations use natural water fl ows from rivers and streams to produce hydroelectricity.
  • Micro-hydro stations are particularly viable in areas where industrialists during the 18th and 19th centuries built now-unused weirs to turn water wheels that powered looms and other industrial machinery.
  • To read more about micro-hydro stations visit www.energysavingtrust.org.uk/Generate-your-own-energy/Hydroelectricity or www.absak.com/library/micro-hydro-power-systems.

• Stages of Bone Development

  • Bone remodeling also occurs in response to trauma, such as that following accidental bone fracture or the placement of dental implants.
  • The purpose of remodeling is to regulate calcium homeostasis and repair micro-damaged bones (from everyday stress), but also to shape and sculpt the skeleton during growth.

• For more information about micro-power...

  • For these and other reasons, a rising number of building owners, business managers and governments are wondering why they didn't consider micro-power sooner.
  • For more information about sustainable micro-energy sources check out: www.clean-energy-ideas.com, www.alternative-energy-news.info and www.eere.energy.gov/greenpower.

• Levels of Analysis: Micro and Macro

  • There are many examples of both micro- and macrosociological studies.
  • One of the most famous early micro-sociological studies was, "The Cab Driver and His Fare," published in 1959 by Fred Davis.
  • Micro- and macro-level studies each have their own benefits and drawbacks.
  • Sociological analysis can take place at the macro or micro level, and can be subjective or objective.
  • Analyze how symbolic interactionism plays a role in both macro and micro sociology

• Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

  • Historically (DSM-IV) categorized as an anxiety disorder, it is now  categorized under "Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders" in the DSM 5.
  • As an effect of psychological trauma, PTSD is less frequent and more enduring than the more commonly seen acute stress response.
  • Diagnostic symptoms for PTSD include re-experiencing the original trauma through flashbacks or nightmares, avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma, and increased arousal, such as difficulty falling or staying asleep, anger, and hypervigilance.
  • Although most people (50–90%) encounter trauma over a lifetime, only about 8% develop full PTSD.
  • This effect of childhood trauma, which is not well-understood, may be a marker for both traumatic experiences and attachment problems.

• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

  • In psychology, trauma is a type of damage to the psyche that occurs as a result of a severely distressing event.
  • With this disorder, the trauma experienced is severe enough to cause stress responses for months or even years after the initial incident.
  • A number of psychotherapies have demonstrated usefulness in the treatment of PTSD and other trauma-related problems.
  • EMDR and trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (TFCBT) were recommended as first-line treatments for trauma victims in a 2007 review.
  • It was first described in 1992 by Judith Herman in her book Trauma & Recovery and an accompanying article.

• The Interactionist Perspective

  • The interactionist perspective on social inequality focuses on the way that micro-interactions maintain structural inequality.
  • For example, when a wife cleans up after her husband or leaves unquestioned an opinion of his that she disagrees with, it is an example of how inequality is reiterated in micro-interactions.
  • The interactionist perspective on inequality focuses on how micro-interactions reflect and create unequal power dynamics.
  • All of these micro-interactions, which may seem trivial at the time, add up to status inequality, according to the interactionist.

• Dissociation

  • Dissociative disorders are sometimes triggered by trauma, but may be preceded only by stress, psychoactive substances, or no identifiable trigger at all.
  • Dissociation has been described as one of a constellation of symptoms experienced by some victims of childhood trauma, including physical, psychological, and sexual abuse.
  • This is supported by studies which suggest that dissociation is correlated with a history of trauma.
  • Dissociation is much more common among those who are traumatized (this is called "high specificity" to history of trauma), but at the same time there are many people who have suffered from trauma but who do not show dissociative symptoms (this is called "low sensitivity" to history of trauma).