Examples of long-term depression in the following topics:
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- Synaptic plasticity can be either short-term (synaptic enhancement or synaptic depression) or long-term.
- Two processes in particular, long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD), are important forms of synaptic plasticity that occur in synapses in the hippocampus: a brain region involved in storing memories .
- Short-term synaptic depression can also arise from post-synaptic processes and from feedback activation of presynaptic receptors.
- Long-term depression (LTD) is essentially the reverse of LTP: it is a long-term weakening of a synaptic connection.
- Calcium entry through postsynaptic NMDA receptors can initiate two different forms of synaptic plasticity: long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD).
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- If stage three is extended, long-term damage may result, as the body's immune system becomes exhausted, and bodily functions become impaired, resulting in de-compensation.
- Cortisol works with epinephrine (adrenaline) to create memories of short-term emotional events; this is the proposed mechanism for storage of flash bulb memories, and may originate as a means to remember what to avoid in the future.
- However, long-term exposure to cortisol damages cells in the hippocampus, which results in impaired learning.
- Serotonin transmission from both the caudal raphe nuclei and rostral raphe nuclei is reduced in patients with depression compared with non-depressed controls.
- In depression the transmission of noradrenaline is reduced from both of the principal noradrenergic centres.
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- Here, economic stagnation will have depressed short-term interest rates.
- A flat yield curve is observed when all maturities have similar yields, whereas a humped curve results when short-term and long-term yields are equal and medium-term yields are higher than those of the short-term and long-term.
- An inverted yield curve occurs when long-term yields fall below short-term yields.
- The liquidity premium theory asserts that long-term interest rates not only reflect investors' assumptions about future interest rates, but also include a premium for holding long-term bonds (investors prefer short term bonds to long term bonds), called the term premium or the liquidity premium.
- Prospective investors decide in advance whether they need short-term or long-term instruments.
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- The Great Depression was a decade-long period of poverty and
unemployment that followed the 1929 stock market crash.
- As the Depression
deepened, vast numbers of families were unable to pay rent and were evicted
from their homes to stay in “Hoovervilles,” the slang term for shantytowns that
were contemptuously named after President Herbert Hoover ,
whose policies were considered to blame for the Depression.
- The
agricultural losses were especially acute in the Great Depression.
- International
credit structure was another cause of the Depression.
- Yet the one-day crash of October 19,
1987, known as Black Monday, when the Dow Jones Industrial
Average fell 22.6%, was worse in percentage terms than any single day of the
1929 crash.
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- When most people think of mood disorders, they typically think of depression (also called major depressive disorder and clinical depression) and bipolar disorder.
- However, there are two milder versions of these mood disorders, respectively termed dysthymic disorder (or dysthymia) and cyclothymic disorder (or cyclothymia).
- Dysthymia and major depression naturally have many symptoms in common, including depressed mood, disturbed sleep, low energy, and poor concentration.
- Cognitive-behavioral therapy has been shown to be a possible treatment for depression.
- Bipolar disorder is characterized by cycles of depressive and manic episodes.
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- It is currently used in the treatment of major depressive disorder, mania, schizophrenia, and catatonia.
- Findings showed that, although patients with unipolar depression and bipolar depression responded to other medical treatments very differently, both groups responded equally well to ECT.
- Overall remission rate for patients with unipolar depression after a round of ECT treatment was 51.5%, and 50.9% in those with bipolar depression.
- The physical side effects of ECT include short-term nausea, headaches, muscle pain, dental injuries and oral lacerations, and myalgia.
- It is the effects of ECT on long-term memory that give rise to much of the concern surrounding its use today.
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- A depressant (also called a central depressant) is a chemical compound that manipulates neurotransmission levels, thereby reducing arousal or stimulation in various parts of the brain.
- The term "narcotic" originally referred medically to any psychoactive compound with
sleep-inducing properties.
- The term is, today, imprecisely defined and typically has
negative connotations.
- From a medical
standpoint, it is no longer a useful term.
- Compare the effects of different types of depressants on the brain
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- These emotions can include anxiety, depression, uneasiness, apathy, alienation, and hypochondriasis.
- Acute stress occurs in the short-term and is usually resolved rather quickly; chronic stress is long-term and usually unresolved, leading to a variety of problems.
- Many people experience some type of depressive mood or feeling in relation to stress, and excessive amounts of stress has been shown to contribute to depression or anxiety.
- Sustained or chronic stress, in particular, leads to elevated hormones such as cortisol, the "stress hormone," and reduced serotonin and other neurotransmitters in the brain, including dopamine, which has been linked to depression.
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- Trait anxiety is a form of neurosis; it is a long-term anxiety related to the very idea of public speaking.
- The other is trait anxiety, which refers to a more long-term form of anxiety.
- Individuals who score high on neuroticism are more likely than the average to experience such feelings as anxiety, anger, envy, guilt, and depressed mood.
- Trait anxiety refers to a long-term form of anxiety, often stemming from neuroticism.
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- Research has shown that people who experience intense and long-term (chronic) stress can experience digestive problems, fertility and/or urinary problems, and a weakened immune system.
- People who experience chronic stress are also more prone to viral infections, such as the flu or common cold, and to experience headaches, sleep trouble, depression, and anxiety.
- In contrast, people who are able to use effective coping strategies to deal with stress, such as relaxation and stress management techniques, have been shown to have lower levels of depression, anxiety, and other symptoms related to the cancer and its treatment.
- Such support can reduce levels of depression, anxiety, and disease-related or treatment-related symptoms among patients.