Linear epitopes

Examples of Linear epitopes in the following topics:

• Antigenic Determinants and Processing Pathways

  • Most epitopes are conformational.
  • Linear epitopes interact with the paratope based on their primary structure (shape of the protein's components).
  • A linear epitope is formed by a continuous sequence of amino acids from the antigen, which creates a "line" of sorts that builds the protein structure.
  • Antigenic determinants recognized by B cells and the antibodies secreted by B cells can be either conformational or linear epitopes.
  • Antigenic determinants recognized by T cells are typically linear epitopes.

• Immune Complex Autoimmune Reactions

  • An immune complex is formed from the integral binding of an antibody to a soluble antigen and can function as an epitope.
  • The bound antigen acting as a specific epitope, bound to an antibody is referred to as a singular immune complex .
  • The bound antigen acting as a specific epitope, bound to an antibody is referred to as a singular immune complex.

• Linear Equations

  • A linear equation is an algebraic equation in which each term is either a constant or the product of a constant and a single variable.
  • A common form of a linear equation in the two variables $x$ and $y$ is:
  • The origin of the name "linear" comes from the fact that the set of solutions of such an equation forms a straight line in the plane.
  • Linear differential equations are differential equations that have solutions which can be added together to form other solutions.
  • Linear differential equations are of the form:

• Making Memory B Cells

  • To understand the events taking place, it is important to appreciate that the antibody molecules present on a clone (a group of genetically identical cells) of B cells have a unique paratope (the sequence of amino acids that binds to the epitope on an antigen).
  • Some of the resulting paratopes (and the cells elaborating them) have a better affinity for the antigen (actually, the epitope) and are more likely to proliferate than the others.
  • The part of the antigen to which the paratope binds is called an epitope.

• Monoclonal Antibodies

  • Monoclonal antibodies are monospecific antibodies that recognize one specific epitope on a pathogen.
  • Monoclonal antibodies have monovalent affinity in that they bind to the same epitope.

• Linear Approximation

  • A linear approximation is an approximation of a general function using a linear function.
  • In mathematics, a linear approximation is an approximation of a general function using a linear function (more precisely, an affine function).
  • Linear approximations are widely used to solve (or approximate solutions to) equations.
  • Linear approximation is achieved by using Taylor's theorem to approximate the value of a function at a point.
  • If one were to take an infinitesimally small step size for $a$, the linear approximation would exactly match the function.

• Extracellular Immune Avoidance

  • Other pathogens invade the body by changing the non-essential epitopes on their surface rapidly while keeping the essential epitopes hidden.

• Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)

  • The sandwich assay uses two different antibodies that are reactive with different epitopes on the antigen with a concentration that needs to be determined.

• Nonhomogeneous Linear Equations

  • In the previous atom, we learned that a second-order linear differential equation has the form:
  • When $f(t)=0$, the equations are called homogeneous second-order linear differential equations.
  • However, there is a very important property of the linear differential equation, which can be useful in finding solutions.
  • Phenomena such as heat transfer can be described using nonhomogeneous second-order linear differential equations.
  • Identify when a second-order linear differential equation can be solved analytically

• Linear and Quadratic Functions

  • Linear and quadratic functions make lines and parabola, respectively, when graphed.
  • In calculus and algebra, the term linear function refers to a function that satisfies the following two linearity properties:
  • Linear functions may be confused with affine functions.
  • Although affine functions make lines when graphed, they do not satisfy the properties of linearity.
  • Linear functions form the basis of linear algebra.