IQ gap

Examples of IQ gap in the following topics:

• Tilting the Tests: Discrimination by IQ

  • Yet these IQ gaps are only observed in average scores and say very little about individuals.
  • Thus, the implications of the IQ gaps are unclear.
  • And while the existence of racial IQ gaps is well-documented, researchers have not reached a consensus as to their cause.
  • But research suggests that differences in socioeconomic status cannot entirely explain the IQ gap.
  • Discuss the various explanations for the IQ gap, ranging from genetic to environmental factors

• Group Differences in Intelligence

  • Before IQ testing was developed, scientists used to rely on crude data such as head or brain size or reaction times to estimate intelligence levels.
  • It was not until Alfred Binet and the emergence of the IQ test that psychologists were able to collect data that could accurately and reliably compare human groups .
  • During the early years of research, raw scores on IQ tests systematically rose throughout the world.
  • Recent meta-analysis has concluded that the Flynn effect and the closing gap in group differences in intelligence have different origins.
  • It is possible that the very composition of certain IQ tests can allow or inhibit certain levels of performance among different groups.

• IQ Tests

  • Currently, IQ tests are used to study distributions in scores among specific populations.
  • Scores on IQ tests tend to form a bell curve with a normal distribution.
  • There are a wide variety of IQ tests that use slightly different tasks and measures to calculate an overall IQ score.
  • Currently, most tests tend to measure both verbal and performance IQ.
  • All of these measures and tasks are used to calculate a person's IQ.

• Controversies in Intelligence and Standardized Testing

  • They also cast doubt on the validity of IQ tests and whether IQ tests actually measure what they claim to measure—intelligence.
  • Researchers have learned that IQ and general intelligence (g) correlate with some social outcomes, such as lower IQs being linked to incarceration and higher IQs being linked to job success and wealth.
  • For example, the relationship between wealth and IQ is well-documented.
  • Could this mean that IQ tests are biased toward wealthy individuals?
  • IQ tests are often criticized for being culturally biased.

• History of Intelligence Testing

  • He created and published the first IQ test in the United States, the Stanford-Binet IQ test.
  • The Wechsler scales contained separate subscores for verbal IQ and performance IQ, and were thus less dependent on overall verbal ability than early versions of the Stanford-Binet scale.
  • In the normal population, g and IQ are roughly 90% correlated.
  • In order to develop an IQ test that separated environmental from genetic factors, Raymond B.
  • The bell shaped curve for IQ scores has an average value of 100.

• Genetic Basis of Intelligence and Learning

  • There has been significant controversy in the academic community about the heritability of IQ, or Intelligence Quotient, which seeks to determine to what extent an individual's IQ level is influenced by genetics.
  • Studies show that there are some family/environmental effects on the IQ of children; however adoption studies show that, by adulthood, adoptive siblings are not more similar in IQ than strangers, while adult full siblings show higher similarities in IQ, even when raised separately.
  • Conventional twin studies reinforce this pattern: monozygotic (identical) twins raised separately are more similar in IQ than dizygotic (fraternal) twins raised together, and much more than adoptive siblings.

• Teachers' Expectations

  • In this experiment, Rosenthal predicted that, when given the information that certain students had higher IQs than others, elementary school teachers may unconsciously behave in ways that facilitate and encourage the students' success.
  • Teachers' expectations may also be gendered, perhaps explaining some of the gender achievement gap.

• Genetic and Environmental Impacts on Intelligence

  • Twin studies in the western world have found the heritability of IQ to be between 0.7 and 0.8, meaning that the variance in intelligence among the population is 70%-80% due to genetics.
  • However, the heritability of IQ in juvenile twins is much lower at 0.45.
  • Thus, despite the high heritability of IQ, we can determine that there is an environmental influence as well.
  • A group of largely African American, urban first-grade children and their caregivers were evaluated using self-report, interview, and standardized tests, including IQ tests.
  • The study reported that exposure to violence and trauma-related distress in young children was associated with substantial decreases in IQ and reading achievement. 

• Gap Junctions

  • Gap junctions are also called communicating junctions, macula communicans, or nexuses. 
  • The number of gap junctions shared between two cells can vary as well.
  • The channels in a gap junction aren’t always open. 
  • Gap junctions are found in many places throughout the body. 
  • Gap junctions are responsible for electrochemical and metabolic coupling.

• The Gap Model

  • The Service Quality Model, also known as the GAP Model, was developed in 1985.
  • Gap between consumer expectation and management perception: This gap arises when the management or service provider does not correctly perceive what the customer wants or needs.
  • Gap between service quality specification and service delivery: This gap may arise in situations pertaining to the service personnel.
  • Gap between expected service and experienced service: This gap arises when the consumer misinterprets the service quality.
  • The diagram shows the different gaps in the model, including the Knowledge Gap discussed here.