ionization energy

Examples of ionization energy in the following topics:

• Ionization Energy

  • Large atoms or molecules have low ionization energy, while small molecules tend to have higher ionization energies.
  • The greater the ionization energy, the more difficult it is to remove an electron.
  • The ionization energy may be an indicator of the reactivity of an element.
  • This graph shows the first ionization energy of the elements in electron volts.
  • This video explains the periodic trends in ionization energy....periodicity.

• Electron Affinity

  • Mulliken used a list of electron affinities to develop an electronegativity scale for atoms by finding the average of the electron affinity and ionization potential.
  • For any reaction that releases energy, the change in energy (ΔE) has a negative value, and the reaction is called an exothermic process.
  • The trends noted here are very similar to those in ionization energy and change for similar (though opposing) reasons.
  • Periodic Properties: Part 4, Ionic Charges, Ionization Energy, Electron Affinity - YouTube
  • We conclude our discussion of periodic properties by wrapping up the prediction of ionic charges of the transition metals, ionization energies, and electron affinity.

• Electron Configuration of Cations and Anions

  • Atoms can be ionized by bombardment with radiation, but the more purely chemical process of ionization is the transfer of electrons between atoms or molecules.
  • Atoms will gain or lose electrons depending on which action takes the least energy.
  • The ionization of sodium can be chemically illustrated as follows:
  • The energy required to do so may be recorded in a successive ionization energy diagram.
  • Note that the maximum ionization energy for each row diminishes as one progresses from row 1 to row 7 in a given column, due to the increasing distance of the outer electron shell from the nucleus as inner shells are added.

• Radiation

  • Ionizing radiation could be a lethal health hazard if used inappropriately.
  • High-energy X-rays are a form of ionizing energy allowing to irradiate large packages and pallet loads of medical devices.
  • High energy and high power X-rays are generated by an X-ray machine that can be turned off when not in use, and therefore does not require any shielding when in storage.
  • Irradiation with particles may make materials radioactive, depending on the type of particles, their energy, and the type of target material: neutrons and very high-energy particles can make materials radioactive but have good penetration, whereas lower energy particles (other than neutrons) cannot make materials radioactive, but have poorer penetration.

• Radiation Detection

  • A radiation detector is a device used to detect, track, or identify high-energy particles.
  • Modern detectors are also used as calorimeters to measure the energy of detected radiation.
  • Gaseous ionization detectors use the ionizing effect of radiation upon gas-filled sensors.
  • If a particle has enough energy to ionize a gas atom or molecule, the resulting electrons and ions cause a current flow, which can be measured.
  • Scintillators can also be used in neutron and high-energy particle physics experiments, new energy resource exploration, x-ray security, nuclear cameras, computed tomography, and gas exploration.

• Radiation from Food

  • Food irradiation is a process of treating a food to a specific dosage of ionizing radiation for a predefined length of time.
  • Food irradiation is a process of treating a food to a specific dosage of ionizing radiation for a predefined length of time.
  • They also permit dose uniformity, but these systems generally have low energetic efficiency during the conversion of electron energy to photon radiation, so they require much more electrical energy than other systems.
  • Still, there is some controversy in the application of irradiation due to its novelty, the association with the nuclear industry, and the potential for the chemical changes to be different than the chemical changes due to heating food (since ionizing radiation produces a higher energy transfer per collision than conventional radiant heat).
  • Food and Drug Administration regulations to show a food has been treated with ionizing radiation

• Measuring Radiation Exposure

  • Radiation dosimetry is the measurement and calculation of the absorbed dose from exposure to indirect and direct ionizing radiation.
  • Radiation dosimetry is the measurement and calculation of the absorbed dose in matter and tissue resulting from exposure to indirect and direct ionizing radiation.
  • Radiation dose refers to the amount of energy deposited in matter and/or biological effects of radiation.
  • Exposure to a radioactive source will give a dose that is dependent on the activity, time of exposure, energy of the radiation emitted, distance from the source, and shielding.
  • There are several ways of measuring doses from ionizing radiation, including personal dosimeters and ionization chambers.

• Problems

  • Calculate the energy and wavelength of the hyperfine transition of the hydrogen atom.
  • You may use the following formula for the energy of two magnets near to each other
  • Calculate the energy and wavelength of the transition of hydrogen with the spin of the electron and proton aligned to antialigned.
  • Calculate the ionized fraction of pure hydrogen as a function of the density for a fixed temperature.

• Mass Spectrometry to Measure Mass

  • First, the sample is ionized.
  • There are a wide variety of techniques for ionizing and detecting compounds.
  • The ion source is the part of the mass spectrometer that ionizes the compound.
  • This high-energy beam strips electrons from the sample molecules, leaving behind a positively charged radical species.
  • The components of the sample are ionized by one of a variety of methods, such as the ionizing filament.

• Hydrolysis

  • If the components are un-ionized, one part gains a hydrogen atom (H-) and the other gains a hydroxyl group (OH–) from a split water molecule.
  • If the components are ionized after the split, one part gains two hydrogen atoms and a positive charge, the other part gains an oxygen atom and a negative charge.
  • Dehydration and hydrolysis reactions are chemical reactions that are catalyzed, or "sped up," by specific enzymes; dehydration reactions involve the formation of new bonds, requiring energy, while hydrolysis reactions break bonds and release energy.
  • The breakdown of these macromolecules is an overall energy-releasing process and provides energy for cellular activities.
  • In the hydrolysis reaction shown here, the dipeptide is broken down to form two ionized amino acids with the addition of a water molecule.