intercalated discs

Examples of intercalated discs in the following topics:

• Microscopic Anatomy

  • Actin molecules are bound to the Z-disc, which forms the borders of the sarcomere.
  • Intercalated discs are gap junctions that link cardiomyocytes so that electrical impulses (action potentials) can travel between cells.
  • In cardiac muscle, intercalated discs connecting cardiomyocytes to the syncytium, a multinucleated muscle cell, to support the rapid spread of action potentials and the synchronized contraction of the myocardium.
  • Intercalated discs consist of three types of cell-cell junctions, most of which are found in other tissues besides cardiac muscle:
  • Under light microscopy, intercalated discs appear as thin lines dividing adjacent cardiac muscle cells and running perpendicular to the direction of muscle fibers.

• Mechanism and Contraction Events of Cardiac Muscle Fibers

  • Cardiac muscle fibers undergo coordinated contraction via calcium-induced calcium release conducted through the intercalated discs.
  • Cardiomyocytes are capable of coordinated contraction, controlled through the gap junctions of intercalated discs.

• Muscle Tissues and Nervous Tissues

  • This line, an intercalated disc, assists in passing electrical impulses efficiently from one cell to the next while maintaining the strong connection between neighboring cardiac cells, allowing the cardiac muscle cells to synchronize the beating of the heart.
  • Cardiac muscle tissue also has intercalated discs, specialized regions running along the plasma membrane that join adjacent cardiac muscle cells and assist in passing an electrical impulse from cell to cell.

• Characteristics of Muscle Tissue

  • Cardiac muscle can be further differentiated from skeletal muscle by the presence of intercalated discs which control the synchronized contraction of cardiac tissues.

• Structure and Function of the Muscular System

  • Cardiac muscle can be further differentiated from skeletal muscle by the presence of intercalated discs that control the synchronized contraction of cardiac tissues.

• Using Interference to Read CDs and DVDs

  • Optical discs are digital storing media read in an optical disc drive using laser beam.
  • Compact disks (CDs) and digital video disks (DVDs) are examples of optical discs.
  • They are read in an optical disc drive which directs a laser beam at the disc.
  • Optical discs are digital storing media.
  • First, a laser beam is shot at the disc.

• Bilaminar Embryonic Disc Development

  • The floor of the amniotic cavity is formed by the embryonic disc.
  • The embryonic disc is derived from the epiblast layer, which lies between the hypoblast layer and the amnion.
  • The embryonic disc forms during early development.
  • The formation of the bilaminar embryonic disc precedes gastrulation.
  • As gastrulation progresses, the embryonic disc becomes trilaminar and the notochord is formed.

• Herniated (Slipped) Disc

  • A disc herniation is a common injury caused by a tear in the fibrous ring of an intervertebral disc, allowing the central portion to bulge.
  • A spinal disc herniation is a medical condition affecting the spine in which a tear in the outer, fibrous ring of an intervertebral disc allows the soft, central portion to bulge out beyond the damaged outer rings .
  • The condition is widely referred to as a slipped disc, but this term is not medically accurate as the spinal discs are fixed in position between the vertebrae and cannot in fact "slip. " A herniated disc may occur due to trauma, lifting injuries, or other factors.
  • If the herniated disc is in the lumbar region (where the majority of herniated discs occur), the patient may also experience sciatica due to irritation of one of the nerve roots of the sciatic nerve.
  • In the majority of cases, spinal disc herniation doesn't require surgery.

• Cartilaginous Joints: Symphyses

  • Intervertebral discs (or intervertebral fibrocartilage) lie between adjacent vertebrae in the spine.
  • The discs consist of an outer annulus fibrosus that surrounds the inner nucleus pulposus.
  • The annulus fibrosus and the nucleus pulposus distribute pressure evenly across the disc.
  • When one develops a prolapsed disc, the jelly (the nucleus pulposus) is forced out of the doughnut (the disc) and may put pressure on the nerve located near the disc, potentially causing symptoms of sciatica.
  • Aging causes disc degeneration, in which the nucleus pulposus begins to dehydrate and the concentration of proteoglycans in the matrix decreases, limiting the ability of the disc to absorb shock.

• Volumes of Revolution

  • Disc and shell methods of integration can be used to find the volume of a solid produced by revolution.
  • Alternatively, where each disc has a radius of $f(x)$, the discs approach perfect cylinders as their height $dx$ approaches zero.
  • The volume of each infinitesimal disc is therefore:
  • An infinite sum of the discs between $a$ and $b$ manifests itself as the integral seen above, replicated here:
  • Disc integration about the $y$-axis.