immunoglobulin

Examples of immunoglobulin in the following topics:

• Adaptive Immunity and the Immunoglobulin Superfamily

  • Adaptive immunity is stimulated by exposure to infectious agents and recruits elements of the immunoglobulin superfamily.
  • Immunoglobulins are produced in a membrane-bound form by B lymphocytes.
  • These antibodies are part of a larger family called the immunoglobulin superfamily.
  • They all possess a domain known as an immunoglobulin domain or fold.
  • Describe the role of immunoglobulins in the adaptive immune response, specifically in humoral immunity

• Precipitation Reactions

  • Precipitation reactions are serological assays for the detection of immunoglobulin levels from the serum of a patient with infection.
  • Describe how precipitation reactions can be used for the detection of immunoglobulin levels in the serum of a patient

• Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases

  • The basic tests performed when an immunodeficiency is suspected should include a full blood count ( including accurate lymphocyte and granulocyte counts) and immunoglobulin levels.
  • CD4+, CD8+, CD3+, TCRα and TCRγ); groups of B lymphocytes (CD19, CD20, CD21 and Immunoglobulin); natural killer cells and monocytes (CD15+); as well as activation markers (HLA-DR, CD25, CD80 (B cells)
  • In primary antibody deficiencies, one or more isotypes of immunoglobulin are decreased or don't function properly.
  • This may range from immunoglobulin replacement therapy in antibody deficiencies—in the form of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) or subcutaneous immunoglobulin (SCIG)—to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for SCID and other severe immunodeficiences.

• Antibody Proteins and Antigen Binding

  • An antibody (Ab), also known as an immunoglobulin (Ig), is a large Y-shaped protein produced by B-cells that is used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects, such as bacteria and viruses.
  • Each chain is composed of structural domains called immunoglobulin domains.
  • The constant region determines the class of an immunoglobulin.
  • All chains have a characteristic immunoglobulin fold in which two beta sheets create a "sandwich" shape, held together by interactions between conserved cysteines and other charged amino acids.

• Serology

  • Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is an antibody produced during the primary immune response and plays a significant role fighting infection.
  • Meanwhile, the B cells are producing highly specific Immunoglobulin G (IgG) more slowly.

• Tests That Differentiate Between T Cells and B cells

  • B-lymphocytes have membrane-bound immunoglobulins that can be stained with anti-immunoglobulin labeled with fluorescent dyes and detected with a fluorescent microscope.

• Rabies

  • Treatment with human rabies immunoglobulin (HRIG) and rabies vaccine is highly successful if administered before the onset of symptoms.
  • In the U.S., the widespread vaccination of domestic dogs and cats and the development of effective human vaccines and immunoglobulin treatments has dropped the number of recorded human deaths from 100 or more annually in the early 20th century, to one to two per year (mostly caused by bat bites).

• Isotype Class Switching

  • They are each named with an "Ig" prefix that stands for immunoglobulin (another name for antibody) and differ in their biological properties, functional locations, and ability to deal with different antigens.
  • B cells begin to express both IgM and IgD when they reach maturity; the co-expression of both of these immunoglobulin isotypes renders the B cell 'mature' and ready to respond to an antigen.
  • Immunoglobulin class switching (or isotype switching, or isotypic commutation, or class switch recombination (CSR)) is a biological mechanism that changes a B cell's production of antibody from one class to another; for example, from an isotype called IgM to an isotype called IgG.

• Antibody Genes and Diversity

  • Successful recognition and eradication of many different types of microbes requires diversity among antibodies (glycoproteins belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily).
  • Somatic hypermutation involves a programmed process of mutation affecting the variable regions of immunoglobulin genes.

• Antibodies: Classes and Affinity Maturation

  • The different classes of antibody (and thus effector functions) are defined by the constant (C) regions of the immunoglobulin heavy chain.
  • This process results in an immunoglobulin gene that encodes an antibody of a different isotype.
  • Intravenous immunoglobulin, if not otherwise noted, consists of polyvalent IgG.