hydrolyzed

(verb)

Hydrolysis usually means the cleavage of chemical bonds by the addition of water.

Related Terms

Examples of hydrolyzed in the following topics:

  • Salts that Produce Acidic Solutions

    • This is due either to the presence of a metal cation that acts as a Lewis acid (which will be discussed in a later concept), or, quite commonly, due to a hydrolyzable proton in the cation or the anion.
    • We determine whether the hydrolyzable ion is acidic or basic by comparing the Ka and Kb values for the ion; if Ka > Kb, the ion will be acidic, whereas if Kb > Ka, the ion will be basic.

  • Overview of the Acid-Base Properties of Salt

    • As we have discussed, salts can form acidic or basic solutions if their cations and/or anions are hydrolyzable (able to react in water).
    • The ammonium ion contains a hydrolyzable proton, which makes it an acid salt.
    • Because both ions can hydrolyze, will a solution of ammonium bicarbonate be acidic or basic?
    • In summary, when a salt contains two ions that hydrolyze, compare their Ka and Kb values:
    • This video examines the hydrolysis of an acid salt, a basic salt, and a salt in which both ions hydrolyze.

  • The Reverse TCA Cycle

    • 4) succinate is converted to succinyl-CoA (ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP+Pi)
    • 8) ATP citrate lyase is then used to convert citrate to oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA (ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP and Pi).

  • Reactions at the α-Carbon

    • The chiral alpha-carbon in equation #2 is racemized in the course of this exchange, and a small amount of nitrile is hydrolyzed to the corresponding carboxylic acid.
    • Thus, conversion of the acid to its acyl chloride derivative is followed by alpha-bromination or chlorination, and the resulting halogenated acyl chloride is then hydrolyzed to the carboxylic acid product.

  • Connecting Other Sugars to Glucose Metabolism

    • The glycogen is hydrolyzed into the glucose monomer, glucose-1-phosphate (G-1-P), if blood sugar levels drop.
    • Glycogen from the liver and muscles, hydrolyzed into glucose-1-phosphate, together with fats and proteins, can feed into the catabolic pathways for carbohydrates.

  • The Mechanism of Protein Synthesis

    • Once the appropriate AUG is identified, eIF2 hydrolyzes GTP to GDP and powers the delivery of the tRNAi-Met to the start codon, where the tRNAi anticodon basepairs to the AUG codon.
    • The 60S ribosomal subunit is recruited to the pre-initiation complex by eIF5-GTP, which hydrolyzes its GTP to GDP to power the assembly of the full ribosome at the translation start site with the Met-tRNAi positioned in the ribosome P site.
    • The energy for each step of the ribosome is donated by an elongation factor that hydrolyzes GTP.
    • There, GTP is hydrolyzed by eIF2 and the Met-tRNAi is loaded onto the AUG.
    • Next, eIF5-GTP recruits the 60S large ribosomal subunit to the 40S subunit at the AUG and hydrolyzes GTP.

  • Rearrangements of Cationic or Electron Deficient Nitrogen

    • Reactions with PCl5 probably give an iminochloride, and this in turn is hydrolyzed to the same amide.
    • The product of the rearrangement is a lactam (a cyclic amide), which can be hydrolyzed to an omega-amino acid.
    • The eight-membered oxime picrate hydrolyzes rapidly, producing a nine-membered lactam in high yield.
    • If water had been the solvent, the resulting 1º-enamine would have rearranged to an imine and hydrolyzed to an aldehyde.

  • ATP and Muscle Contraction

    • The ATP is hydrolyzed into ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi) by the enzyme ATPase.

  • Connecting Proteins to Glucose Metabolism

    • Proteins are hydrolyzed by a variety of enzymes in cells.

  • The Initiation Complex and Translation Rate

    • At this point, the GTP bound to eIF2 in the 43S complexx is hydrolyzed to GDP + phosphate, and energy is released.
    • Once the 60S ribosomal subunit arrives, eIF5 hydrolyzes its bound GTP to GDP + phosphate, and energy is released.