Examples of hydrocarbons in the following topics:
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- Anoxic hydrocarbon oxidation can be used to degrade toxic hydrocarbons, such as crude oil, in anaerobic environments.
- Hydrocarbons are organic compounds consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon.
- The combustion of hydrocarbons is the primary energy source for current civilizations.
- Although it was once thought that hydrocarbon compounds could only be degraded in the presence of oxygen, the discovery of anaerobic hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria and pathways show that the anaerobic degradation of hydrocarbons occurs naturally.
- Microbes may be used to degrade toxic hydrocarbons in anaerobic environments.
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- Hydrocarbons are the simplest class of organic compounds, consisting solely of hydrogen and carbon.
- Hydrocarbons are the simplest class of organic compounds and are composed solely of hydrogen and carbon.
- This class can be further divided into two groups: aliphatic hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons.
- Aromatic hydrocarbons, or arenes, which contain a benzene ring, were originally named for their pleasant odors.
- The study of hydrocarbons is particularly important to the fields of chemical and petroleum engineering, as a variety of hydrocarbons can be found in crude oil.
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- Microbes can utilize hydrocarbons via a stepwise oxidation of a hydrocarbon by oxygen produces water and, successively, an alcohol, an aldehyde or a ketone, a carboxylic acid, and then a peroxide.
- Note the presence of oxygen, thus defining this as aerobic hydrocarbon oxidation.
- There are examples of anaerobic hydrocarbon oxidation, which will not be discussed here.
- Biosurfactants enhance the emulsification of hydrocarbons, have the potential to solubilize hydrocarbon contaminants, and increase their availability for microbial degradation.
- Discuss the advantages of organisms that can undergo aerobic hydrocarbon oxidation
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- Hydrocarbons are organic molecules consisting entirely of carbon and hydrogen, such as methane (CH4).
- Hydrocarbons are often used as fuels: the propane in a gas grill or the butane in a lighter.
- The hydrocarbons discussed so far have been aliphatic hydrocarbons, which consist of linear chains of carbon atoms.
- Another type of hydrocarbon, aromatic hydrocarbons, consists of closed rings of carbon atoms.
- Some hydrocarbons have both aliphatic and aromatic portions; beta-carotene is an example of such a hydrocarbon.
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- Alkenes and alkynes are hydrocarbons which respectively have carbon-carbon double bond and carbon-carbon triple bond functional groups.
- The molecular formulas of these unsaturated hydrocarbons reflect the multiple bonding of the functional groups:
- As noted earlier in the Analysis of Molecular Formulas section, the molecular formula of a hydrocarbon provides information about the possible structural types it may represent.
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- It can degrade high molecular mass polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of 4 and 5 rings.
- Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), also known as poly-aromatic hydrocarbons or polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, are seen in .
- It can degrade high molecular mass polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of 4 and 5 rings.
- An image showing three examples of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
- Recognize various sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and means of removal (bio-, phy
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- Recall that the molecular formula of a hydrocarbon (CnHm) provides information about the number of rings and/or double bonds that must be present in its structural formula.
- This molecular formula analysis may be extended beyond hydrocarbons by a few simple corrections.
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- Cycloalkanes are saturated hydrocarbons that contain a ring in their carbon backbones.
- Cycloalkanes are saturated hydrocarbons that contain a ring in their carbon backbones.
- However, unlike linear hydrocarbons, which can achieve a more stable tetrahedral configuration around each carbon atom in the backbone, the bond angles in cycloalkanes are constrained, producing ring strain.
- Hydrocarbons with two rings are called bicyclic, and well-known examples are norbornane and decalin.
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- Hydrocarbon structures can be drawn from the IUPAC names of chemical compounds by starting with the carbon backbone and adding substituents.
- Hydrocarbons can be drawn in several equally valid ways.
- To draw a hydrocarbon using the bond line method, place your pencil on a piece of paper.
- Now the hydrocarbon represented by the short, straight line is two carbon atoms in length; it has two ends.
- When including an alkene bond in your hydrocarbon structure, aim for 120 degree bond angles about each doubly-bonded carbon.
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- For compounds of carbon and hydrogen (hydrocarbons) the maximum number of hydrogen atoms that can be bonded to n carbons is 2n + 2 (n is an integer).
- The origin of this formula is evident by considering a hydrocarbon made up of a chain of carbon atoms.
- Consider a hydrocarbon with a molecular structure consisting of a simple chain of four carbon atoms, CH3CH2CH2CH3.
- From the above discussion and examples it should be clear that the molecular formula of a hydrocarbon (CnHm) provides information about the number of rings and/or double bonds that must be present in its structural formula.