hydrocarbon economy

Examples of hydrocarbon economy in the following topics:

• The Hydrogen Economy

  • The hydrogen economy refers to using hydrogen as the next important source of fuel.
  • As a potential energy source, the hydrogen economy stands to eliminate or reduce the negative effects of using hydrocarbon fuels, the currently dominant energy source that releases high amounts of carbon into the atmosphere.
  • In the current hydrocarbon economy, transportation is fueled by petroleum, the use of which ultimately results in the release of carbon dioxide (a greenhouse gas) and many pollutants into the atmosphere.
  • In addition, the supply of raw materials that are essential for a hydrocarbon economy is limited, and the demand for such fuels is increasing each year.
  • Hydrogen production is mostly accomplished by steam reforming from hydrocarbons, but alternative methods are being developed.

• Anoxic Hydrocarbon Oxidation

  • Anoxic hydrocarbon oxidation can be used to degrade toxic hydrocarbons, such as crude oil, in anaerobic environments.
  • Hydrocarbons are organic compounds consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon.
  • The combustion of hydrocarbons is the primary energy source for current civilizations.
  • Although it was once thought that hydrocarbon compounds could only be degraded in the presence of oxygen, the discovery of anaerobic hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria and pathways show that the anaerobic degradation of hydrocarbons occurs naturally.
  • Microbes may be used to degrade toxic hydrocarbons in anaerobic environments.

• Introduction to Hydrocarbons

  • Hydrocarbons are the simplest class of organic compounds, consisting solely of hydrogen and carbon.
  • Hydrocarbons are the simplest class of organic compounds and are composed solely of hydrogen and carbon.
  • This class can be further divided into two groups: aliphatic hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons.
  • Aromatic hydrocarbons, or arenes, which contain a benzene ring, were originally named for their pleasant odors.
  • The study of hydrocarbons is particularly important to the fields of chemical and petroleum engineering, as a variety of hydrocarbons can be found in crude oil.

• Aerobic Hydrocarbon Oxidation

  • Microbes can utilize hydrocarbons via a stepwise oxidation of a hydrocarbon by oxygen produces water and, successively, an alcohol, an aldehyde or a ketone, a carboxylic acid, and then a peroxide.
  • Note the presence of oxygen, thus defining this as aerobic hydrocarbon oxidation.
  • There are examples of anaerobic hydrocarbon oxidation, which will not be discussed here.
  • Biosurfactants enhance the emulsification of hydrocarbons, have the potential to solubilize hydrocarbon contaminants, and increase their availability for microbial degradation.
  • Discuss the advantages of organisms that can undergo aerobic hydrocarbon oxidation

• Hydrocarbons

  • Hydrocarbons are organic molecules consisting entirely of carbon and hydrogen, such as methane (CH4).
  • Hydrocarbons are often used as fuels: the propane in a gas grill or the butane in a lighter.
  • The hydrocarbons discussed so far have been aliphatic hydrocarbons, which consist of linear chains of carbon atoms.
  • Another type of hydrocarbon, aromatic hydrocarbons, consists of closed rings of carbon atoms.
  • Some hydrocarbons have both aliphatic and aromatic portions; beta-carotene is an example of such a hydrocarbon.

• Alkenes & Alkynes

  • Alkenes and alkynes are hydrocarbons which respectively have carbon-carbon double bond and carbon-carbon triple bond functional groups.
  • The molecular formulas of these unsaturated hydrocarbons reflect the multiple bonding of the functional groups:
  • As noted earlier in the Analysis of Molecular Formulas section, the molecular formula of a hydrocarbon provides information about the possible structural types it may represent.

• Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

  • It can degrade high molecular mass polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of 4 and 5 rings.
  • Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), also known as poly-aromatic hydrocarbons or polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, are seen in .
  • It can degrade high molecular mass polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of 4 and 5 rings.
  • An image showing three examples of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
  • Recognize various sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and means of removal (bio-, phy

• A Structure Formula Relationship

  • Recall that the molecular formula of a hydrocarbon (CnHm) provides information about the number of rings and/or double bonds that must be present in its structural formula.
  • This molecular formula analysis may be extended beyond hydrocarbons by a few simple corrections.

• Cycloalkanes

  • Cycloalkanes are saturated hydrocarbons that contain a ring in their carbon backbones.
  • Cycloalkanes are saturated hydrocarbons that contain a ring in their carbon backbones.
  • However, unlike linear hydrocarbons, which can achieve a more stable tetrahedral configuration around each carbon atom in the backbone, the bond angles in cycloalkanes are constrained, producing ring strain.
  • Hydrocarbons with two rings are called bicyclic, and well-known examples are norbornane and decalin.

• Drawing Hydrocarbon Structures

  • Hydrocarbon structures can be drawn from the IUPAC names of chemical compounds by starting with the carbon backbone and adding substituents.
  • Hydrocarbons can be drawn in several equally valid ways.
  • To draw a hydrocarbon using the bond line method, place your pencil on a piece of paper.
  • Now the hydrocarbon represented by the short, straight line is two carbon atoms in length; it has two ends.
  • When including an alkene bond in your hydrocarbon structure, aim for 120 degree bond angles about each doubly-bonded carbon.