hund's rule

Examples of hund's rule in the following topics:

• Hund's Rule

  • For example, for boron through neon, the electron filling order of the 2p orbitals follows Hund's Rule.
  • According to Hund's Rule, all orbitals will be singly occupied before any is doubly occupied.
  • Hund's Rule also tells us that all of the unpaired electrons must have the same spin.
  • Orbital diagram for carbon, showing the correct application of Hund's Rule.
  • Apply Hund's rule and justify its use to determine electron configurations for atoms in the ground state

• Ferromagnetism

  • (According to Hund's rules, the first few electrons in a shell tend to have the same spin, thereby increasing the total dipole moment. )

• Energies of Electron States

  • The energies of the levels in brackets is really close so sometimes the filling order varies from atom to atom because of the Hund's rules below.
  • In multielectron systems this result holds for any pair of electrons, so we get two rules of thumb (called Hund's rules) that all other things being equal
  • The second rule comes about because a large value of $L$ implies that the electrons are orbiting the nucleus in the same direction which reduces the value of the $J$ integral.
  • These two rules order electron configurations (lists of the values of $n$ and $l$ for a set of electrons: e.g., $4p4d$) into terms with equal energies labels by the total orbital and spin angular momentum ($L$ and $S$) e.g., $^3F$.
  • The superscript is the $2S+1$, the multiplicity of the spin states and the letter is the value of $L$ using the rules described earlier.

• Electron Configurations and Magnetic Properties of Ions

  • The Aufbau principle (from the German Aufbau, meaning "building up, construction;" also called the Aufbau rule or building-up principle) is used to determine the electron configuration of an atom, molecule, or ion.
  • If multiple orbitals of the same energy are available, Hund's rule states that unoccupied orbitals will be filled before occupied orbitals are reused (by electrons having different spins).
  • Order in which orbitals are arranged by increasing energy according to the Madelung rule.

• Bonding and Antibonding Molecular Orbitals

  • Three general rules apply:
  • Hund's rule states that when there are several MOs with equal energy, and the electrons occupy the MOs one at a time before two occupy the same MO.

• The H_2^+ Molecular Ion

  • For molecules with more than one electron, we find that the Hund's rule for the total spin of a system is reversed for molecules.

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