Hopewell Culture

Examples of Hopewell Culture in the following topics:

• Conclusion: Pre-Colonial Development of North America

  • Due to the similarity of earthworks and burial goods, researchers assume a common body of religious practice and cultural interaction existed throughout the entire region, referred to as the “Hopewell Interaction Sphere."
  • Most peoples of the Great Basin shared certain common cultural elements that distinguished them from other surrounding cultures, and except for the Washoe, most of the groups spoke Numic languages.
  • Three of the major cultural traditions that impacted the Southwest region include the Paleo-Indian tradition, the Southwestern Archaic tradition, and the Post-Archaic cultures tradition.
  • As various cultures developed over time and environmental changes allowed for many cultural traditions to flourish, similar social structures and religious beliefs developed.
  • A map showing the Hopewell Interaction Sphere and various local expressions of the Hopewell cultures, including the Laurel Complex, Saugeen Complex, Point Peninsula Complex, Marksville Culture, Copena Culture, Kansas City Hopewell, Swift Creek Culture, Goodall Focus, Crab Orchard Culture, and Havana Hopewell Culture.

• Eastern Woodland Culture

  • Most of these were evident in the southeastern United States by 1,000 BCE with the Adena culture, which is the best-known example of an early Woodland culture.
  • These have come to be known as the Hopewell tradition.
  • Examples include the Armstrong culture, Copena culture, Crab Orchard culture, Fourche Maline culture, the Goodall Focus, the Havana Hopewell culture, the Kansas City Hopewell, the Marksville culture, and the Swift Creek culture.
  • These sites were constructed within the Hopewell tradition of Eastern Woodland cultures.
  • The Eastern Woodland cultures built burial mounds for important people such as these of the Hopewell tradition in Ohio.

• Woodlands in the East

  • The Adena culture is another well-known example.
  • The Middle Woodland Period was dominated by cultures of the Hopewell tradition (200-500 BCE).
  • Mound City, located on Ohio Highway 104 is a group of 23 earthen mounds constructed by the Hopewell culture.
  • After the Hopewell people cremated the dead, they burned the charnel house.
  • This unique Hopewell sculpture was carved from Mica between 200 BCE and 500 CE.

• Woodland Burial Mounds and Chiefdoms

  • Some anthropological examples of this period include the Hopewell tradition, the Adena culture of Ohio and nearby states, and the Baytown culture .
  • The Hopewell built monuments from present-day Illinois to Ohio and are renowned for their geometric earthworks.
  • But the Adena and Hopewell, both prolific in the modern-day Midwest, were not the only mound-building peoples during this time period; such cultures lived throughout the eastern United States.
  • The Adena culture was a pre-Columbian Native-American culture that existed from 1000 to 200 BCE, in a time known as the early Woodland Period.
  • Lasting traces of Adena culture can be seen in their surviving earthworks.

• Core Culture

  • Core culture is the underlying value that defines organizational identity through observable culture.
  • Core and observable culture are two facets of the same organizational culture, with core culture being inward-facing and intrinsic and observable culture being more external and tangible (outward-facing).
  • Core culture, as the name denotes, is the root of what observable culture will communicate to stakeholders.
  • This is where observable culture begins to transform into core culture.
  • Core culture has the same relationship with observable culture: core culture is created first, and ultimately drives the visible cultural aspects of the organization.

• Material Culture

  • Material culture consists in physical objects that humans make.
  • People's relationship to and perception of objects are socially and culturally dependent.
  • This view of culture, which came to dominate anthropology between World War I and World War II, implied that each culture was bounded and had to be understood as a whole, on its own terms.
  • The result is a belief in cultural relativism, which suggests that there are no 'better' or 'worse' cultures, just different cultures .
  • They constitute an increasingly significant part of our material culture.

• How to Assess Culture

  • Outlining the way culture is assessed, the pros and cons of multiculturalism and how culture is transmitted is central to management.
  • The merging of differing cultures presents a variety of implications, and requires extensive assessment and cross-cultural competencies for both individuals and businesses.
  • Cultural assessment begins with awareness.
  • Perceiving the varying different elements of culture and cultural differentiation, and identifying the way in which these differences impact our interactions allows for a comprehensive approach at integrating different cultures.
  • Cultural transmission, or cultural learning, is the tendency of a society or culture to pass on new information and generate new norms.

• Cultural Psychology

  • Cultural psychology seeks to understand how forces of society and culture influence individuals' thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
  • Cultural psychology is the study of how psychological and behavioral tendencies are rooted and embedded within culture.
  • The main tenet of cultural psychology is that mind and culture are inseparable and mutually constitutive, meaning that people are shaped by their culture and their culture is also shaped by them.
  • Cultural psychology is often confused with cross-cultural psychology; however, it is distinct in that cross-cultural psychologists generally use culture as a means of testing the universality of psychological processes, rather than determining how local cultural practices shape psychological processes.
  • So while a cross-cultural psychologist might ask whether Jean Piaget's stages of development are universal across a variety of cultures, a cultural psychologist would be interested in how the social practices of a particular set of cultures shape the development of cognitive processes in different ways.

• Cultural Universals

  • A cultural universal is an element, pattern, trait, or institution that is common to all human cultures worldwide.
  • Cultural universals are elements, patterns, traits, or institutions that are common to all human cultures worldwide.
  • There is a tension in cultural anthropology and cultural sociology between the claim that culture is a universal (the fact that all human societies have culture), and that it is also particular (culture takes a tremendous variety of forms around the world).
  • The idea of cultural universals—that specific aspects of culture are common to all human cultures—runs contrary to cultural relativism.
  • Discuss cultural universals in terms of the various elements of culture, such as norms and beliefs

• Culture and Society

  • Culture is what differentiates one group or society from the next; different societies have different cultures.
  • Different societies have different cultures; however it is important not to confuse the idea of culture with society.
  • Material and nonmaterial aspects of culture are linked, and physical objects often symbolize cultural ideas.
  • For instance, the high culture of elites is now contrasted with popular or pop culture.
  • In this sense, high culture no longer refers to the idea of being "cultured," as all people have culture.