Examples of herd immunity in the following topics:
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- Vaccination results in herd immunity, or essentially the fact that many individuals will become immune and thus reduce the likelihood that everyone in the population will contract certain diseases.
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- Naturally acquired active immunity occurs when a person is exposed to a live pathogen, develops the disease, and then develops immunity.
- Immunity is the state of protection against infectious disease conferred either through an immune response generated by immunization or previous infection, or by other non-immunological factors.
- Naturally acquired active immunity occurs when the person is exposed to a live pathogen, develops the disease, and becomes immune as a result of the primary immune response.
- Immunization (commonly referred to as vaccination) is the deliberate induction of an immune response, and represents the single most effective manipulation of the immune system that scientists have developed .
- The principle behind immunization is to introduce an antigen, derived from a disease-causing organism, that stimulates the immune system to develop protective immunity against that organism, but which does not itself cause the pathogenic effects of that organism.
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- Passive immunization can be exogenously administered (artificial) or transferred from mother to fetus (natural).
- There are two types of passive immunity: artificial and natural .
- For the newborn to have lasting protection, active immunity must be received.
- Natural immunity occurs through contact with a disease causing agent, when the contact was not deliberate, where as artificial immunity develops only through deliberate actions of exposure.
- Passive immunity is short lived, and usually lasts only a few months, whereas protection via active immunity lasts much longer, and is sometimes life-long.
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- The humoral immune response is the aspect of immunity that is mediated by secreted antibodies.
- The humoral immune response (HIR) is the aspect of immunity that is mediated by secreted antibodies produced by B cells.
- There are two types of humoral immunity, active and passive humoral immunity.
- Active humoral immunity refers to any form of immunity that occurs as a result of the formation of an adaptive immune response from the body's own immune system.
- Artificial active immunity is the result of immunization from vaccination.
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- The immune system protects organisms from infection first with the innate immune system, then with adaptive immunity.
- Innate immune systems are found in all plants and animals.
- Both innate and adaptive immunity depend on the ability of the immune system to distinguish between self and non-self molecules.
- This type of immunity is both active and adaptive because the body's immune system prepares itself for future challenges.
- Active immunity often involves both the cell-mediated and humoral aspects of immunity as well as input from the innate immune system .
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- This process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination.
- Innate immune systems are found in all plants and animals.
- Adaptive immunity is often sub-divided into two major types depending on how the immunity was introduced.
- Both naturally and artificially acquired immunity can be further subdivided depending on whether immunity is induced in the host or passively transferred from an immune host.
- A further subdivision of adaptive immunity is characterized by the cells involved; humoral immunity is the aspect of immunity that is mediated by secreted antibodies, whereas the protection provided by cell-mediated immunity involves T lymphocytes alone.
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- The adaptive immune response is mediated by B and T cells and creates immunity memory.
- The adaptive immune system mounts a stronger, and antigen specific immune response after the innate immune response fails to prevent a pathogen from causing an infection.
- There are two subdivisions of the adaptive immune system: cell-mediated immunity, and humoral immunity.
- Cell mediated immunity is controlled by type 1 helper T-cells (Th1) and cytotoxic T-cells.
- Antibodies to provide a number of functions in humoral immunity.
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- Adaptive immunity is stimulated by exposure to infectious agents and recruits elements of the immunoglobulin superfamily.
- The components of adaptive immunity are lymphocytes and their products.
- There are two types of adaptive immune responses: humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity.
- They are commonly associated with roles in the immune system.
- Describe the role of immunoglobulins in the adaptive immune response, specifically in humoral immunity
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- Artificial immunity is a mean by which the body is given immunity to a disease by intentional exposure to small quantities of it.
- Immunity is the state of protection against infectious disease conferred either through an immune response generated by immunization or by previous infection or other non-immunological factors.
- Artificially-acquired passive immunity is an immediate, but short-term immunization provided by the injection of antibodies, such as gamma globulin, that are not produced by the recipient's cells.
- Natural immunity occurs through contact with a disease causing agent, when the contact was not deliberate, where as artificial immunity develops only through deliberate actions of exposure.
- Passive immunity is short lived, and usually lasts only a few months, whereas protection via active immunity lasts much longer, and is sometimes life-long.
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- The behavior of group members can be controlled indirectly through group polarization, groupthink, and herd behavior.
- Herd behavior describes how individuals in a group can act together without planned direction.
- The term pertains to the behavior of animals in herds, flocks and schools, and to human conduct during activities such as stock market bubbles and crashes, street demonstrations, sporting events, religious gatherings, episodes of mob violence and everyday decision-making, judgment and opinion-forming.
- Give examples of group polarization, groupthink and herd behavior in real life