gamma globulin

Examples of gamma globulin in the following topics:

• Blood Plasma

  • Globulins are a diverse group of proteins designated into three groups, gamma, alpha, and beta, based on how far they move during electrophoresis tests.
  • For example, the beta globulin transferrin can transport iron.
  • Most gamma globulins are antibodies (immunoglobulin), which assist the body's immune system in defense against infections and illness.
  • Alpha globulins are notable for inhibiting certain proteases, while beta globulins often function as enzymes in the body.
  • Serum still contains albumin and globulins, which are often called serum proteins as a result.

• Artificial Immunity

  • Artificially-acquired passive immunity is an immediate, but short-term immunization provided by the injection of antibodies, such as gamma globulin, that are not produced by the recipient's cells.

• A Complete Synchrotron Spectrum

  • $\displaystyle N(E) dE = C E^{-p} dE~\mbox {or}~N(\gamma) d\gamma = C \gamma^{-p} d\gamma$
  • $\displaystyle {N}{\gamma} = \frac{Ct \gamma_c}{p-1} \gamma^{-(p+1)} \left [ 1 - \left ( 1 - \frac{\gamma}{\gamma_c} \right)^{p-1} \right ] ~\mbox{for}~\gamma_m < \gamma< \gamma_c$
  • $\displaystyle {N}{\gamma} \approx C t \gamma^{-p} ~\mathrm{for}~ \gamma_m < \gamma \ll \gamma_c .$
  • $\displaystyle {N}{\gamma} = \frac{C t \gamma_c}{p-1} \gamma^{-(p+1)} \left [ \left (\frac{\gamma}{\gamma_m} \right )^{p-1} - \left ( 1 - \frac{\gamma}{\gamma_c} \right)^{p-1} \right ] ~\mathrm{for}~ \gamma < \gamma_m < \gamma_c .$
  • Well into the slow cooling regime we have $\gamma_m\ll \gamma_c$ so $\gamma_\mathrm{cut-off} \approx \gamma_m$.

• B.6 Chapter 6

  • $\displaystyle \gamma = \gamma_0 \left ( 1 + A \gamma_0 t \right )^{-1}, A=\frac{2e^4 B_\perp^2}{3m^3 c^5}.$
  • Here $\gamma_0$ is the initial value of $\gamma$and $B_\perp = B \sin\alpha$.
  • How do you reconcile the decrease of $\gamma$ with the result of constant $\gamma$for motion in a magnetic field?
  • $\displaystyle \frac{d\gamma}{dt} = -\frac{2}{3} \frac{e^4}{m_e^3 c^5} B_\perp^2 \beta^2 \gamma^2 = -A (\gamma^2 -1 )$
  • $\displaystyle -A dt = \frac{1}{2} \left [ \frac{d\gamma}{\gamma-1} - \frac{d\gamma}{\gamma+1} \right ]$

• Gamma Rays

  • Gamma radiation, also known as gamma rays or hyphenated as gamma-rays and denoted as γ, is electromagnetic radiation of high frequency and therefore high energy.
  • Gamma rays from radioactive decay are defined as gamma rays no matter what their energy, so that there is no lower limit to gamma energy derived from radioactive decay.
  • Gamma rays are ionizing radiation and are thus biologically hazardous.
  • Paul Villard, a French chemist and physicist, discovered gamma radiation in 1900, while studying radiation emitted from radium during its gamma decay.
  • Identify wavelength range characteristic for gamma rays, noting their biological effects and distinguishing them from gamma rays

• Power-Law Distribution of Particle Energies

  • $\displaystyle N(E) dE = C E^{-p} dE~\mbox{or}~N(\gamma) d\gamma = C \gamma^{-p} d\gamma$
  • $\displaystyle P_\mbox{tot} (\omega) = C \int_{\gamma_1}^{\gamma_2} P(\omega) \gamma^{-p} d\gamma \propto \int_{\gamma_1}^{\gamma_2} F\left(\frac{\omega}{\omega_c}\right) \gamma^{-p}d\gamma.$
  • Remember that $\omega_c = A \gamma^2$ so $\gamma^2 \propto \omega/x$, we get
  • This power-law spectrum is valid essentially between $\omega_c(\gamma_1)$ and $\omega_c(\gamma_2)$.

• Gamma Decay

  • Gamma decay is a process of emission of gamma rays that accompanies other forms of radioactive decay, such as alpha and beta decay.
  • Gamma radiation, also known as gamma rays and denoted as $\gamma$, is electromagnetic radiation of high frequency and therefore high energy.
  • Gamma rays from radioactive decay are defined as gamma rays no matter what their energy, so there is no lower limit to gamma energy derived from radioactive decay.
  • Gamma decay accompanies other forms of decay, such as alpha and beta decay; gamma rays are produced after the other types of decay occur.
  • Explain relationship between gamma decay and other forms of nuclear decay.

• Problems

  • $\displaystyle \gamma = \gamma_0 \left ( 1 + A \gamma_0 t \right )^{-1}, A=\frac{2e^4 B_\perp^2}{3m^3 c^5}.$
  • Here $\gamma_0$ is the initial value of $\gamma$ and $B_\perp = B \sin\alpha$.
  • How do you reconcile the decrease of $\gamma$ with the result of constant $\gamma$ for motion in a magnetic field?
  • Derive the evolution of the energy of the electron (or $\gamma$) evolves in time without making the ultrarelativistic approximation.

• Damped transient motion

  • $\omega = \frac{i \gamma \pm \sqrt{4 \omega _0 ^2 - \gamma^2}}{2}$
  • $\displaystyle{ x(t) = x_0 e^{-\frac{\gamma}{2} t} e^{\pm i t \omega _0 \sqrt{1 - \left( \frac{\gamma}{2\omega_0} \right)^2 }} . }$
  • $\displaystyle{ x(t) = x_0 e^{-\frac{\gamma}{2} t} e^{\pm t \omega _0 \sqrt{(\frac{\gamma}{2\omega_0})^2 - 1}} }$
  • $\displaystyle{ x(t) = x_0 e^{-\frac{\gamma}{2} t} e^{-\omega _0 t \sqrt{(\frac{\gamma}{2\omega_0})^2 - 1}} . }$
  • The borderline case $\gamma = 2 \omega_0$ is called critical damping, in which case $x(t) = x_0 e^{-\frac{\gamma}{2} t}$ .

• Adding velocities