Examples of gene-environment correlation in the following topics:
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- Gene-environment correlations, known as rGE, can be explained in 3 particular ways—passive, evocative, or active.
- In passive gene-environment correlation, an association exists between a person's genetic makeup and the environment in which he or she is raised.
- Evocative gene-environment correlation happens when an individual's (heritable) behavior evokes an environmental response.
- In active gene-environment correlation, the person's genetic makeup may lead them to select particular environments.
- Adoption and twin studies can help make sense of the influence of genes and the environment.
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- Beyond our basic genotype, however, there is a deep interaction between our genes and our environment: our unique experiences in our environment influence whether and how particular traits are expressed, and at the same time, our genes influence how we interact with our environment (Diamond, 2009; Lobo, 2008).
- Environmental inputs can affect the expression of genes, a relationship called gene-environment interaction.
- Genes and the environment work together, communicating back and forth to create traits.
- Trait A shows a high sibling correlation but little heritability (illustrating the importance of environment).
- Evaluate the reciprocal impacts between genes and the environment and the nature vs. nurture debate
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- Racial groups are sociologically, rather than biologically, different; that is to say, there is no "race" gene or set of genes.
- There are very few biological differences between the races and there is no "race" gene or set of genes to speak of.
- Ongoing genetic research has investigated how ancestral human populations migrated in the ancestral geographic environment into different geographic areas.
- Often, due to practices of group endogamy, allele frequencies cluster locally around kin groups and lineages, or by national, cultural, or linguistic boundaries - giving a detailed degree of correlation between genetic clusters and population groups when considering many alleles simultaneously.
- Recent discoveries in genetics offer a means of categorizing race which is distinct from past methods, which were often based on very broad criteria corresponding to physical characteristics, such as skin color, and which do not correlate reliably with geographic ancestry.
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- Recent advances in sequencing technology led to the discovery of a high correlation between the number of genes and the genome size of bacteria, suggesting that bacteria have relatively small amounts of junk DNA.
- Genome size is of little relevance when considering the number of functional genes in eukaryotic species.
- In bacteria however, the strong correlation between the number of genes and the genome size makes the size of bacterial genomes an interesting topic for research and discussion.
- Recently formed parasites undergo severe bottlenecks and can rely on host environments to provide gene products.
- Unlike eukaryotes, bacteria show a strong correlation between genome size and number of functional genes in a genome.
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- These findings suggest that heredity and environment interact to determine an individual's personality.
- It's important to point out that traits are determined not by a single gene, but by a combination of many genes, and also by environmental factors that control whether certain genes are expressed.
- How DNA interacts with the environment determines what part of the DNA code is actually activated within an individual—in other words, which genes will be expressed.
- In addition, the correlational studies used for measuring normal personality traits are subjected to the same rules as normal correlational research: they cannot be used alone to establish causation.
- The expression of inherited genes plays a role in determining personality.
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- The genome size does not always correlate with the complexity of the organism and, in fact, shows great variation in size and gene number.
- In prokaryotic genomes, research has shown that there is a significant positive correlation between the C-value of prokaryotes and the amount of genes that compose the genome.
- In eukaryotic organisms, there is a paradox observed, namely that the number of genes that make up the genome does not correlate with genome size.
- This figure represents the human genome, categorized by function of each gene product, given both as number of genes and as percentage of all genes.
- Importantly, genome size does not necessarily correlate with complexity.
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- The natural genetic make-up of the body interacts with environment from the moment of conception.
- This is thought to occur through human interaction with external circumstances, whereby people with different genes seek out different environments.
- As mentioned, under normal circumstances intelligence involves multiple genes.
- However, certain single-gene genetic disorders can severely affect intelligence.
- While experts believe the genetic cause for Down syndrome is a lack of genes in the 21st chromosome, the gene(s) responsible for the cognitive symptoms have yet to be discovered.
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- Quorum sensing is a system of stimulus and response correlated to population density.
- Quorum sensing is a system of stimulus and response correlated to population density.
- Many species of bacteria use quorum sensing to coordinate gene expression according to the density of their local population.
- Using a KG medium, quorum quenching bacteria can be readily isolated from various environments including that which has previously been considered as unculturable.
- Thus, in order for gene transcription to be activated, the cell must encounter signaling molecules secreted by other cells in its environment.
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- The nif genes are genes encoding enzymes involved in the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen.
- The expression of the nif genes is induced as a response to low concentrations of fixed nitrogen and oxygen concentrations (the low oxygen concentrations are actively maintained in the root environment).
- Nif genes have both positive and negative regulators.
- Some of nif genes are: Nif A, D, L,K, F,H S,U,Y,W,Z .
- NifL is then regulated by other proteins that are sensors for the levels of O2 and ammonium in the surrounding environment.
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- Gene duplication is the process by which a region of DNA coding for a gene is copied.
- Duplicate genes are often immune to the selective pressure under which genes normally exist.
- In some cases, subpopulations living in ecologically distinct peripheral environments can exhibit genetic divergence from the remainder of a population, especially where the range of a population is very large.
- Divergent evolution is usually a result of diffusion of the same species to different and isolated environments, which blocks the gene flow among the distinct populations allowing differentiated fixation of characteristics through genetic drift and natural selection.Divergent evolution can also be applied to molecular biology characteristics.
- Both orthologous genes (resulting from a speciation event) and paralogous genes (resulting from gene duplication within a population) can be said to display divergent evolution.